Prepared By

ENGR. YOSHIAKI C. MIKAMI, RMP

 INTRODUCTION

GRADING SYSTEM:

HOMEWORKS/SEATWORKS –--10%
QUIZZES –----------------------------- 30%
PROJECT –--------------------------- 30%
FINALS -------------------------------- 30%

HOMEWORKS/SEATWORKS – no exact number on the

number of workouts to be given.
QUIZZES – total of 5 quizzes will be given throughout the
course.
FINALS – will be given on the 10th/11th week of the term.
Will cover everything discussed on the whole course.
 INTRODUCTION

PROJECT:
you will be designing/investigating the foundation of
an existing structure or planned structure.

REQUIREMENTS:
- Minimum of 4-storey structure.
- Acceptable floor area will be based on the number of
storey of the structure.
- The superstructure will be modeled using STAAD pro.
- A structural report will be submitted based on the
structural plan and the design output by the group.
- There will be a defense at the end of the term.
INTRODUCTION
 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Function of a foundation is to transfer the structural
loads from a building safely into the ground. A backyard tool
shed may need only wooden skids to spread its load across an
area of ground surface, whereas a house would need greater
stability and consequently its foundation should reach the
underlying soil that is free of organic matter and unreachable
by the winter’s frost. A larger and heavier building of masonry,
steel, or concrete would require its foundations to go deeper
into earth such that the soil or the rock on which it is founded is
competent to carry its massive loads; on some sites, this means
going a hundred feet or more below the surface. Because of
the variety of soil, rock, and water conditions that are
encountered below the surface of the ground and the unique
demands that many buildings make upon the foundations,
foundation design is a highly specialized field of geotechnical
engineering.
 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
Types of loads on foundations: Dead, live, wind, inclined thrusts
and uplift, water table and earthquake forces

Types of settlements: Uniform and differential - Differential

settlement must be minimized, depends on site soil conditions
and distribution of loads on columns supporting the building

Requirements of a safe foundation: Structure-foundation system

safe against settlements that would lead to collapse -
Foundation settlement should not damage the structure -
Foundation must be technically and economically feasible
 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
TYPES OF SETTLEMENTS:

NO SETTLEMENT TOTAL SETTLEMENT DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT

Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building,

but differential settlement can cause severe structural damage
 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
TYPES OF SOILS AND CHARACTERISTICS
Rocks and soils - Rocks: Broken into regular and
irregular sizes by joints - Soils (particulate earth material)
• Boulder (too large to be lifted by hands)
• cobble (particle that can be lifted by a single hand)
• gravel aggregates (course grained particle larger than
6.4mm)
• sand (frictional, size varies from 6.4 to 0.06mm)
• silts (frictional, low surface-area to volume ratio, size varies
from 0.06 mm to 0.002mm)
• clays (cohesive - fine grained - high surface-area to volume
ratio, size smaller than 0.002 mm)
• Peat (soils not suitable for foundations) - In USA classified
according to Unified Soil Classification System
 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
PROPERTIES OF FOUNDATION
• Strength: Load bearing capacities: Crystalline rocks (very
strong - 12,000 psf), sedimentary rocks (intermediate - 6,000
psf) and other types of soils (relatively lower - 2,000 to 3,000
psf)
• Stable under loads (creep, shrinkage and swelling)
• Drainage characteristics (Porosity and permeability)
• Soil property estimation: Subsurface exploration (test pits -
less than 8 ft in depth; borings - greater than 8 ft) - Estimate
level of water table - Testing of soil sample in laboratory for
various properties: Particle size distribution, Liquid limit, Plastic
limit, Water content, Permeability, Shrinkage/ swelling,
Shear/compressive strength, Consolidation (creep and
settlement)
 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION OF FOUNDATION
• Some amount of excavation required for every building
• Top soil consisting of organic matter is removed
• Below the region of soil erosion (by water and wind) & below
the level of permafrost
• To the required depth at which the bearing capacity
necessary for the building is met
• A variety of machines used for excavation
• The sides of excavation too be protected from caving in by
benching, sheeting (soldier beams and lagging, sheet piles,
slurry walls, etc.) or bracing (cross-slot, rakers or tiebacks) -
De-watering using well-points & sumps, and watertight
barriers
• Mixing the soil by rotating paddles
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

BENCHING
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

SOLDER BEAM AND LAGGING

FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

SHEET PILING
 FOUNDATION ENGINEERING
STEPS:
1. Layout
2. Excavate soil
3. Interject slurry to
prevent collapse as
excavation continues
4. Install reinforcing
5. Place concrete
(replaces the slurry mix

SLURRY WALL
FOUNDATION ENGINEERING

ROTARY
DRILL HOLE->

INSERT AND GROUT

TENDON->

TENDONS STRESSED
AND ANCHORD->
 TYPES OF FOUNDATION

Shallow Foundations – the depth is generally D/B < 1.0 but may
be somewhat more
Deep Foundations – the depth is Lp/B > 4+
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
TYPES OF FOUNDATION
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

ISOLATED FOOTING
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

WALL FOOTING
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

COMBINED FOOTING
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

STRAP FOOTING
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

MAT/RAFT FOOTING
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

PILES
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

CAISSON
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

RETAINING WALLS
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

RETAINING WALLS
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

BRIDGE ABUTMENT
TYPES OF FOUNDATION

SHEET PILE
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
INTRODUCTION
to perform satisfactorily, shallow foundations must have
two main characteristics:
1. They have to be safe against overall shear failure in the soil
that supports them.
2. They cannot undergo excessive displacement or excessive
settlement.

TYPES OF SHEAR FAILURE

Shear failure also called “bearing capacity failure” and it’s
occur when the shear stresses in the soil exceed the shear
strength of soil.
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
GENERAL SHEAR FAILURE
occurs over dense sand or stiff cohesive soil
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
GENERAL SHEAR FAILURE
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
LOCAL SHEAR FAILURE
occurs over sand or clayey soil of medium compaction
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
LOCAL SHEAR FAILURE
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
PUNCHING SHEAR FAILURE
occurs over fairly loose soil
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
PUNCHING SHEAR FAILURE
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
it’s the maximum load per unit area of the foundation
can be resisted by the underlying soil without occurs of shear
failure (if this load is exceeded, the shear failure will occur in
the underlying soil)

ALLOWABLE BEARING CAPACITY

it’s the load per unit area of the foundation can be
resisted by the underlying soil without any unsafe movement
occurs (shear failure) and if this load is exceeded, the shear
failure will not occur in the underlying soil till reaching the
ultimate load.
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY THEORY
Terzaghi was the first to present a comprehensive theory
of evaluation of the ultimate bearing capacity of rough
shallow foundation. This theory is based on the following
assumptions:
1. The foundation is considered to be shallow (Df < B)
2. The foundation is considered to be strip or continuous
(B/L ->0). (width to length ratio is very small and goes to
zero), and the derivation of the equation is to a strip
footing.
3. The effect of soil above the bottom of the foundation may
be assumed to be replaced by an equivalent surcharge
(q=γDf). So, the shearing resistance of this soil along the
failure surfaces is neglected. (lines ab and cd in the figure)
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
4. The failure surface of the soil is similar to general shear
failure (i.e. equation is derived for general shear failure) as
shown in the figure.
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY EQUATIONS
(GENERAL SHEAR FAILURE)
For continuous or strip footing:
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾

For square footing:

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.4𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾

For circular footing:

𝑞𝑢 = 1.3𝑐𝑁𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁𝑞 + 0.3𝛾𝐵𝑁𝛾
Where:
𝑞𝑢 = ultimate bearing capacity of the underlying soil
c = cohesion of underlying soil
q = effective stress at the bottom of foundation
𝑁𝑐 , 𝑁𝑞 , 𝑁𝛾 = bearing capacity factors (nondimensional) and are
functions only of the underlying soil friction angle, Φ.
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
TERZAGHI’S BEARING CAPACITY EQUATIONS
(LOCAL SHEAR FAILURE)
For continuous or strip footing:
2
𝑞𝑢 = 𝑐𝑁′𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁′𝑞 + 0.5𝛾𝐵𝑁′𝛾
3

For square footing:

𝑞𝑢 = 0.867𝑐𝑁′𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁′𝑞 + 0.4𝛾𝐵𝑁′𝛾

For circular footing:

𝑞𝑢 = 0.867𝑐𝑁′𝑐 + 𝑞𝑁′𝑞 + 0.3𝛾𝐵𝑁′𝛾
Where:
𝑞𝑢 = ultimate bearing capacity of the underlying soil
c = cohesion of underlying soil
q = effective stress at the bottom of foundation
𝑁′𝑐 , 𝑁′𝑞 , 𝑁′𝛾 = modified bearing capacity factors
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
TERZAGHI BEARING FACTORS

𝑁𝑞 − 1
𝑁𝑐 = 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∅ > 0
tan ∅
𝑁𝑐 = 5.7 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∅ = 0

𝑎𝜃 2
𝑁𝑞 = 2
2 cos 45 + ∅ൗ2
𝜋 0.75−∅ൗ360 tan ∅
𝑎𝜃 = 𝑒

tan ∅ 𝐾𝑝𝛾
𝑁𝛾 = 2
−1
2 cos ∅
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
GENERAL BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION
(MEYERHOF EQUATION)
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
GENERAL BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION
(MEYERHOF EQUATION)
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
GENERAL BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION
(MEYERHOF EQUATION)
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
GENERAL BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION
(MEYERHOF EQUATION)
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
GENERAL BEARING CAPACITY EQUATION
(MEYERHOF EQUATION)
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
FACTOR OF SAFETY
From the two equations, we calculate the value of the
ultimate bearing capacity which the maximum value the soil
can bear it, so we must design a foundation for a bearing
capacity less than the ultimate bearing capacity to prevent
shear failure. This bearing capacity is called the allowable
bearing capacity and we design for it.
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
FACTOR OF SAFETY
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
MODIFICATION OF BEARING CAPACITY EQUATIONS FOR WATER
TABLE
Terzaghi and Meyerhof equations give the ultimate
bearing capacity based on the assumption that the water
table is located well below the foundation. However, if the
water table is close to the foundation, the bearing capacity will
decrease due to the effect of water table, so, some
modification of the bearing capacity equations will be
necessary.

the values that are modified are:

1. (q for soil above the foundation) in the second term of
equations.
2. (γ for the underlying soil) in the third term of equations
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN
In cases in which the column in not at the center of the
footing or is carrying a moment load, the foundations are
subjected to moments in addition to the vertical load. In such
cases, the distribution of pressure by the foundation on the soil
is not uniform because of the moment applied on the
foundation and the stress under the foundation will be
calculated from the general equation:

since the pressure under the foundation is not uniform,

there are maximum and minimum pressures (under the two
edges of the foundation) and we concerned about
calculating these two pressures.
 ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
ECCENTRICALLY LOADED COLUMN
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
ULTIMATE BEARING CAPACITY
ISOLATED FOOTING
ISOLATED FOOTING
 ISOLATED FOOTING
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
- Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
 ISOLATED FOOTING
REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN
- Ultimate Strength Design (USD)
ISOLATED FOOTING
ISOLATED FOOTING
ISOLATED FOOTING
ISOLATED FOOTING
 ISOLATED FOOTING
PROCEDURE:
𝑢𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
1. Tentative area: 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 =
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤
2. Initial thickness: 𝑡𝑓𝑡𝑔 = 20% 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 75𝑚𝑚
3. Effective bearing capacity: 𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙 − Σ𝛾ℎ
𝑢𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
4. Required area: 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 =
𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
5. Ultimate bearing: 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 =
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔

6. Footing depth:
𝑓′𝑐
beam shear - 𝑉𝑐 = ∗ 𝑏𝑤 𝑑
6
𝑓′𝑐
punching shear - 𝑉𝑐 = ∗ 𝑏𝑜 𝑑
3
7. Design reinforcement
8. Check dowel
9. Check development length
 ISOLATED FOOTING
EXAMPLE:
A square footing for a 550mmx550mm column carries a
DL=1400KN and LL=950KN. The column is reinforced with 3-
25mmØ bars. If the base of the footing is 1.5m below the NGL
where the allowable soil pressure is 220 Kpa. Design the
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
reinforced footing. 𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 16 3 , 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 23.5 3 , 𝑓′𝑐 = 27.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎,
𝑚 𝑚
𝑓𝑦 = 400 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
1. Tentative area of footing
𝑢𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 1400𝑘𝑁+950𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 = = 2
𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 220𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 = 10.68𝑚 = 𝐵2
2

𝑩 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝟕𝒎

2. Initial thickness of footing

𝑡 = 20% 𝑓𝑡𝑔. 𝑑𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 + 75𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 0.20 ∗ 3.272𝑚 + 0.075𝑚
𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟑𝒎

3. Effective soil bearing pressure

𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑞𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 − Σ𝛾ℎ
𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 220 𝑘𝑁ൗ𝑚2 − 23.5 𝑘𝑁ൗ𝑚3 ∗ 0.73𝑚 − 16 𝑘𝑁ൗ𝑚3 ∗ 0.77𝑚
𝒒𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏𝟗𝟎. 𝟓𝟑 𝒌𝑵ൗ𝒎𝟐
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
4. Required area of footing
𝑢𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 1400𝑘𝑁+950𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 = = 2
𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓 190.53𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 = 12.33𝑚2 = 𝐵2
𝐵 = 3.51𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟑. 𝟔𝒎
Note: round up multiple of 100mm of 0.1m

5. Ultimate bearing stress

𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 1.2𝐷𝐿+1.6𝐿𝐿
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = =
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔
1.2 1400𝑘𝑁 +1.6 950𝑘𝑁
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 =
3.6𝑚 2
𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 𝟐𝟒𝟔. 𝟗𝟏 𝒌𝑵ൗ𝒎𝟐
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
6. Footing depth
Beam Shear:
𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑡 = ∅𝑉𝑐
𝑓′𝑐
∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑
6
27.5 𝑁ൗ𝑚𝑚2
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.85 ∗ 3600𝑚𝑚 ∗ 𝑑
6

𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 ∗ 𝐴
3600𝑚𝑚−550𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 0.24691 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 3600𝑚𝑚 ∗ −𝑑
2

3600𝑚𝑚−550𝑚𝑚
0.24691 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 3600𝑚𝑚 ∗ −𝑑 =
2
27.5 𝑁ൗ𝑚𝑚2
0.85 ∗ 3600𝑚𝑚 ∗ 𝑑
6
𝒅𝒃𝒆𝒂𝒎 = 𝟑𝟖𝟎. 𝟒𝟏𝒎𝒎
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
6. Footing depth
Beam Punching Shear:
𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑡 = ∅𝑉𝑐
𝑓′𝑐
∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
3
27.5 𝑁ൗ𝑚𝑚2
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.85 ∗ 4 550𝑚𝑚 + 𝑑 ∗𝑑
3

𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 ∗ 𝐴
𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 0.24691 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 3600𝑚𝑚 2 − 550𝑚𝑚 + 𝑑 2

0.24691 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 ∗ 3600𝑚𝑚 2 − 550𝑚𝑚 + 𝑑 2 =

27.5 𝑁ൗ𝑚𝑚2
0.85 ∗ 4 550𝑚𝑚 + 𝑑 ∗𝑑
3
𝒅𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒉𝒊𝒏𝒈 = 𝟒𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝟔𝒎𝒎
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
6. Footing depth
𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑝𝑢𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝒅𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒅 = 𝟒𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝟔𝒎𝒎

𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = 730𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 730𝑚𝑚 − 75𝑚𝑚 − 1.5 25𝑚𝑚
𝑑𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑 = 617.5𝑚𝑚 > 𝑑𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑑 ∴ 𝑆𝐴𝐹𝐸!

Revise to make it economical

𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 479.96𝑚𝑚 + 75𝑚𝑚 + 1.5 25𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 592.46𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 600𝑚𝑚
Note: round up multiple of 25mm
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
Check:
𝑞𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 220 𝑘𝑁ൗ𝑚2 − 23.5 𝑘𝑁ൗ𝑚3 ∗ 0.6𝑚 − 16 𝑘𝑁ൗ𝑚3 ∗ 0.9𝑚
𝒒𝒆𝒇𝒇 = 𝟏𝟗𝟏. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵ൗ𝒎𝟐

1400𝑘𝑁+950𝑘𝑁
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 =
191.5𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 = 12.27𝑚2 = 𝐵2
𝐵 = 3.503𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 𝟑. 𝟔𝒎

𝑡𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 600𝑚𝑚 → 𝑂𝐾!

𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑤 = 600𝑚𝑚 − 75𝑚𝑚 − 1.5 25𝑚𝑚
𝒅𝒏𝒆𝒘 = 𝟒𝟖𝟕. 𝟓𝐦𝐦
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
7. Design reinforcement

𝑤 = 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 ∗ 𝐵 = 246.91 𝑘𝑁ൗ𝑚2 ∗ 3.6𝑚 = 888.88 𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚

3.6𝑚−0.55𝑚
𝑙= = 1.525𝑚
2
𝑤𝑙 2 888.88𝑘𝑁Τ𝑚∗(1.525𝑚)2
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡 = =
2 2
𝑴𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑𝟑. 𝟔𝟎𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
7. Design reinforcement
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡 = ∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑑 2 𝜔 1 − 0.59𝜔
1033.60𝑥106 𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚 =
0.9(27.5 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2)(3600𝑚𝑚) 487.5𝑚𝑚 2 𝜔(1 − 0.59𝜔)
𝝎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟓𝟎𝟑𝟎

𝜔𝑓′𝑐 0.05030(27.5𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝜌= =
𝑓𝑦 400𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟔

𝐴𝑠
𝜌= ; 𝐴𝑠 = 𝜌𝑏𝑑
𝑏𝑑
𝐴𝑠 = 0.00346 3600𝑚𝑚 487.5𝑚𝑚
𝑨𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟕𝟐. 𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
7. Design reinforcement
𝐴𝑠_𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018𝐴𝑐 = 0.0018𝐵𝑡
𝐴𝑠_𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.0018 3600𝑚𝑚 600𝑚𝑚
𝑨𝒔_𝒎𝒊𝒏 = 𝟑𝟖𝟖𝟖𝒎𝒎𝟐 < 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟕𝟐. 𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐
∴ 𝒖𝒔𝒆 𝑨𝒔 = 𝟔𝟎𝟕𝟐. 𝟑𝒎𝒎𝟐

2
𝑛 = 𝐴𝑠ൗ𝜋(𝑑 2 = 6072.3𝑚𝑚 ൗ𝜋(25𝑚𝑚)2
4 𝑏) 4

𝑛 = 12.37
∴ 𝒔𝒂𝒚 𝟏𝟑 − 𝟐𝟓𝒎𝒎∅ 𝒃𝒂𝒓𝒔 (𝒃𝒐𝒕𝒉 𝒘𝒂𝒚𝒔)
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
8. Check dowel
𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 1.2 1400𝑘𝑁 + 1.6 950𝑘𝑁
𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 3200𝑘𝑁

𝐴2 𝐴2
𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = ∅ 0.85𝑓 ′ 𝑐 𝐴1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ≤ 2.0
𝐴1 𝐴1

𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 0.65 0.85(27.5 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2)(550𝑚𝑚 ∗ 550𝑚𝑚)

3600𝑚𝑚 2
550𝑚𝑚 2

𝑃𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤 = 9192.22𝑘𝑁 > 𝑃𝑢𝑙𝑡 ∴ 𝑁𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙𝑠

 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
8. Check dowel
from NSCP 415.9.2.1
𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙 = 0.005𝐴1
𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙 = 0.005(550𝑚𝑚)2
𝐴𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑙 = 1512.5𝑚𝑚2

𝑛= 1512.5𝑚𝑚2
ൗ𝜋(25𝑚𝑚)2
4

𝑛 = 3.08
∴ 𝑠𝑎𝑦 4 − 25𝑚𝑚∅ 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑠
 ISOLATED FOOTING
EXAMPLE:
A square footing for a 400mmx400mm column carries a
DL=550KN and LL=260KN. If the base of the footing is 1.2m
below the NGL where the allowable soil pressure is 150 Kpa.
𝑘𝑁 𝑘𝑁
Design the reinforced footing. 𝛾𝑠𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 17 3 , 𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐 = 23.5 3,
𝑚 𝑚
, 𝑓𝑦 = 300 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 ISOLATED FOOTING
EXAMPLE:
Investigate the maximum live load that can be carried by the
footing detailed below with a service dead load of 450 KN. The
footing is reinforced with 20 – 25mmØ bars on both direction.
𝑓′𝑐 = 27.5 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝑓𝑦 = 275 𝑀𝑃𝑎

2.5m

0.4m

0.4m 2.5m

0.5m
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
1. Wide beam shear
𝑑 = 500𝑚𝑚 − 75𝑚𝑚 − 1.5 ∗ 25𝑚𝑚 = 387.5mm
𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑡 = ∅𝑉𝑐
𝑓′𝑐
∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ ∗ 𝑏𝑤 ∗ 𝑑
6
27.5 𝑁ൗ𝑚𝑚2
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.85 ∗ 2500𝑚𝑚 ∗ 387.5𝑚𝑚
6

𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 ∗ 𝐴
2500𝑚𝑚−400𝑚𝑚
𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 ∗ − 387.5𝑚𝑚 ∗ 2500𝑚𝑚
2

2500𝑚𝑚−400𝑚𝑚
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 ∗ − 387.5𝑚𝑚 ∗ 2500𝑚𝑚 =
2
27.5 𝑁ൗ𝑚𝑚2
0.85 ∗ 2500𝑚𝑚 ∗ 387.5𝑚𝑚
6
𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟑𝟒𝟓𝟑 𝑵ൗ𝒎𝒎𝟐
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
2. Punching beam shear
𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑡 = ∅𝑉𝑐
𝑓′𝑐
∅𝑉𝑐 = ∅ ∗ 𝑏𝑜 ∗ 𝑑
3
27.5 𝑁ൗ𝑚𝑚2
∅𝑉𝑐 = 0.85 ∗ (4 ∗ 400𝑚𝑚 + 387.5𝑚𝑚 ) ∗ 387.5𝑚𝑚
3

𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 ∗ 𝐴
𝑉𝑢𝑙𝑡 = 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 ∗ 2500𝑚𝑚 2 − 400𝑚𝑚 + 387.5𝑚𝑚 2

𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 ∗ 2500𝑚𝑚 2 − 400𝑚𝑚 + 387.5𝑚𝑚 2 =

27.5 𝑁ൗ𝑚𝑚2
0.85 ∗ (4 ∗ 400𝑚𝑚 + 387.5𝑚𝑚 ) ∗ 387.5𝑚𝑚
3
𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟐𝟐𝟏𝟒 𝑵ൗ𝒎𝒎𝟐
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
3. Flexure
𝜋
𝐴𝑠 20 (25𝑚𝑚)2
4
𝜌= =
𝑏𝑑 2500𝑚𝑚∗387.5𝑚𝑚
𝜌 = 0.010134

𝜌𝑓𝑦 0.010134(275𝑀𝑃𝑎)
𝜔= =
𝑓′𝑐 27.5𝑀𝑃𝑎
ω = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟎𝟏𝟑𝟒

𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡 = ∅𝑀𝑛 = 0.9 𝑓′𝑐 𝑏𝑑 2 𝜔 1 − 0.59𝜔

2500𝑚𝑚−400𝑚𝑚 2
𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 ∗2500𝑚𝑚∗ 2
=
2
0.9 27.5 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 3600𝑚𝑚 387.5𝑚𝑚 2 0.10134 1 − 0.59 0.10134
𝒒𝒖𝒍𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟔𝟐𝟓𝟎 𝑵ൗ𝒎𝒎𝟐
 ISOLATED FOOTING
SOLUTION:
3. Flexure
𝑞𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛 = 𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡
𝑞𝑔𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑛 = 0.32214 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2

𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 1.2𝐷𝐿+1.6𝐿𝐿

𝑞𝑢𝑙𝑡 = =
𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑔
1.2 450000𝑁 +1.6(𝑃𝐿𝐿 )
0.32214 𝑁Τ𝑚𝑚2 =
(2500𝑚𝑚)2
𝑷𝑳𝑳 = 𝟗𝟐𝟎. 𝟖𝟔𝒌𝑵