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    IP Datagrams: Service Paradigm, IP Datagrams, Routing, Encapsulation, Fragmentation and Reassembly

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    Chella Pandi
    IP datagrams are packets of data sent across networks via routers using the Internet Protocol (IP). IP datagrams use encapsulation to place the datagram inside a frame when transmitted over a physical network. Datagrams are fragmented if larger than the Maximum Transmission Unit size of a network and reassembled at the destination. IPv6 was developed to address limitations of IPv4, increasing the address size to 128 bits and adding features to support real-time audio/video.

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    IP Datagrams: Service Paradigm, IP Datagrams, Routing, Encapsulation, Fragmentation and Reassembly

    Uploaded by

    Chella Pandi
    37 views24 pages
    IP datagrams are packets of data sent across networks via routers using the Internet Protocol (IP). IP datagrams use encapsulation to place the datagram inside a frame when transmitted over a physical network. Datagrams are fragmented if larger than the Maximum Transmission Unit size of a network and reassembled at the destination. IPv6 was developed to address limitations of IPv4, increasing the address size to 128 bits and adding features to support real-time audio/video.

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    Hai

    Original Title

    Data Gram

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    IP datagrams are packets of data sent across networks via routers using the Internet Protocol (IP). IP datagrams use encapsulation to place the datagram inside a frame when transmitted over a physical network. Datagrams are fragmented if larger than the Maximum Transmission Unit size of a network and reassembled at the destination. IPv6 was developed to address limitations of IPv4, increasing the address size to 128 bits and adding features to support real-time audio/video.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    37 views24 pages

    IP Datagrams: Service Paradigm, IP Datagrams, Routing, Encapsulation, Fragmentation and Reassembly

    Uploaded by

    Chella Pandi
    IP datagrams are packets of data sent across networks via routers using the Internet Protocol (IP). IP datagrams use encapsulation to place the datagram inside a frame when transmitted over a physical network. Datagrams are fragmented if larger than the Maximum Transmission Unit size of a network and reassembled at the destination. IPv6 was developed to address limitations of IPv4, increasing the address size to 128 bits and adding features to support real-time audio/video.

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    IP datagrams

    Service paradigm, IP datagrams,


    routing, encapsulation,
    fragmentation and reassembly
    Internet service paradigm
    • TCP/IP supports both connectionless and
    connection-oriented services
    – fundamental delivery service is connectionless
    at the Internet layer
    – optional reliable connection-oriented service is
    layered on top of this at the transport layer
    IP datagrams
    • Packets of data are sent across multiple
    physical networks via routers
    • Internet protocols define a universal virtual
    packet - the IP datagram
    • The amount of data carried in a datagram is
    not fixed and is determined by an application
    Routers and routing tables
    • Each router forwards a virtual packet by using
    a local routing table
    • Each entry is:
    – destination address
    – mask
    – next hop
    • IP address of a router or
    • Deliver direct
    • Then does address resolution
    Example routing table
    Best-effort delivery
    • IP attempts best effort delivery and does not
    guarantee to deal with:
    – datagram duplication
    – delayed or out of order delivery
    – corruption of data
    – datagram loss
    • These issues are dealt with other protocol
    layers
    IP datagram header format
    Encapsulation
    • When an IP datagram is sent across a
    physical network it is placed in the data
    area of a frame and the frame type is set to
    IP
    MTU and datagram size
    • Maximum transmission unit - max of data
    that a frame can carry on a given network
    • A packet may have to cope with different
    MTU sizes as is passes over an internet
    Fragmentation
    • A datagram that is larger than MTU is
    fragmented into smaller datagrams
    Reassembly
    • Is done at the final host
    – routers require less state information
    – fragments can take different routes
    • Header fields indicate when the data is a
    fragment and also where it belongs
    • Whole datagram is lost if any fragment is lost
    The Future of IP (IPv6)

    Motivation for IPv6, Addressing,


    Datagram Format, Paths
    Motivation
    • IP has been extremely successful at coping
    with the expansion of The Internet and
    changes in network hardware over 20 years!
    • However:
    – limited address space will soon run out
    – new application requirements
    • real-time audio and video require guaranteed service
    • collaboration technologies require ways of sending
    packets to groups of hosts
    What is in a name?
    • The current IP is IPv4
    • The new version was originally called IP -
    The Next Generation (IPng), but this
    became associated with several proposals
    • The final proposal is called IPv6
    Key features of IPv6
    • Connectionless like IPv4
    • 128 bit address size
    • Different addressing modes: unicast, multicast
    and cluster
    • Extension headers
    • Support for audio and video
    Three types of address
    • unicast - address corresponding to a single
    computer. Datagram sent along shortest path
    • multicast -
    – address corresponding to a set of computers,
    – members can change at any time.
    – one copy of a datagram is delivered to each
    – only one copy passes over intervening networks
    – used for collaborative applications
    • Cluster
    – address corresponds to a set of computers that
    share a common prefix
    – a datagram is delivered to one of these
    – used for replicating a service
    Writing down IPv6 addresses
    • Replaces dotted decimal notation with more
    compact colon hexadecimal
    105.220.136.100.255.255.255.255.0.0.18.128.140.10.
    255.255 =>
    69DC:8864:FFFF:FFFF:0:1280:8C0A:FFFF
    • Zero compression further reduces space
    FF0C:0:0:0:0:0:0:B1 => FF0C::B1
    • Especially useful because an IPv6 address that
    begins with 96 zeros contains an IPv4 address in
    the last 32 bits
    Datagram format

    • Datagram format includes a base header


    and optional extension headers
    – saves space - a typical application will only use
    a few IPv6 facilities
    – the protocol can be extended to support new
    features without being redesigned
    Base Header
    Paths

    • Applications can be used to set up network


    paths in advance
    • These can be associated with different
    traffic classes that provide different Quality
    of Service (QoS)
    • Necessary for real-time audio and video
    Examples of Collaborative Applications

    • 􀁺 Collaborative Virtual Environments


    (CVEs)
    – Shared 3D virtual world
    – Each user controls own viewpoint
    – Interaction with objects
    – Users represented by avatars
    – Communication through embedded audio,
    video, text and graphical gestures
    CVE and network traffic
    • In a CVE each user may be an active sender as
    well as a receiver of various kinds of
    information
    • Many users may send data at the same time
    • There may be hundreds of users
    • As a result, CVEs can generate large volumes
    of network traffic

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