EE2401-PowerSystemOperationandControl

Unit V

Computer Control of Power System

D. Silas Stephen
Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering
Panimalar Engineering College,
Chennai
 Topic I: Energy Management System

• Energy Management:- Process of monitoring, coordinating and controlling the power

system.
• Energy management system (EMS): It is the centre core of the energy management where
the process of monitoring, coordinating and controlling is performed.
• SCADA – Front end- Performs the function of data acquisition and remote control
• It comprises of:

Load forecasting Unit Commitment

Fuel Scheduling Hydro-thermal scheduling
Loss Minimization Securityconstrained dispatch
Maintenance scheduling Cost of generation
• Load Management:
– It is carried out in the Distribution control centre.

– The functions are:

• Data acquisition

• Monitoring, sectionalizing switches

• Feeder switch control

• Metering

• Fault location

• Restoration of power

• Voltage and power factor control

• Controlling the devices connected to the system.

• Switching orders

• Pricing
 Energy Control Centre
• As the size of the power system increases the operation becomes
too complex.
• By using energy control centers the functions of the systems are
monitored and controlled.
• Energy management is performed at control centre called as the
system control centre.
• The operation of the ECC takes place at two aspects
– Three level control:
• Turbine-governor
• AGC (LFC)
• EDC – executed every 5 – 10 mins
– Primary Voltage Control
• Excitation control
• Transmission voltage control
 Breakerpositionstatus
Network System Mode
Topology
Data
Acquisition Analog Measurement
SupervisoryControl
SCADA Telemetryandcommunicationequipments
State Estimator Display to
AGC Operator
Voltages,
Power Flows,
Etc.,

Transformertaps,loadshedding, EDC
participationfactor

Penalty factor
calculation

OPF

Loading and
voltage Problems
Security
Contingency Analysis
Constrained OPF
Functions of Energy Control Centre:
• Monitoring
– Human and computer monitoring
– Digital computers monitors the operation and performance of the
system.
– The parameters of the system are monitored.
• Data acquisition and Control
– Provides Status and measured values.
– It is performed by SCADA.
• Functions are:

• Load Forecasting
• Power system planning
• Unit Commitment
• Scheduling (Maintenance)
• Security Monitoring
• State Estimation
• Economic Dispatch
• Load frequency control
• Levels Energy control centre:

Level System Monitoring and

Control

First Generating station, Sub Local control centre

stations

Second Sub transmission and Area load dispatch

transmission network center

Third Transmission systems State load Dispatch

Center

Fourth Interconnected Power Regional Control center

Systems
 Topic II: SCADA

• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition.

• Hardware components:
i. Process computer and associated hardware at ECC
ii. RTU and the associated hardware at remote
station.
iii. Communication links which connects RTU and
process computer.
 Types of SCADA
Type Application

I Small Distribution Systems , Small hydro

plants, HVDC links

II Medium sixed power systems, HVDC links,

Distribution systems

III Regional control centre, distribution system in

large urban areas, cascaded hydro-plants

IV National and Regional control centres

distributed systems
 Automatic generation control and Economic Dispatch

• AGC is an online computer control that maintains the overall

system frequency and the net line power exchange between power
companies.
• ED supplies the existing system demand with all operating
generators in the most economical manner.
 Master Station

• Has the computer with associated interfacing devices to

receive information from the RTU, process data and
display data.
• It includes:
i. Process Computer
ii. Display (CRT)
iii. Data Logger
iv. Graphs
v. Control console
vi. Keyboard
vii. Alarm
viii. Instrument panel
ix. Modem
x. Multiplexer
 Remote Terminal Unit

Front End
Multiplexer D/A Converter Relay
Computer

Power System

Transducer
Modem Serial Interface A/D Converter
 Functions of SCADA
• Data Acquisition: Providing telemetered measurement and
status information.
• Display – Limit violations, unplanned events.
• Supervisory control- CB, Generator – on off status and start
stop
• Information storage
• Events – sequencing
• Processing data from RTU
• Maintenance
• Economic scheduling
• Load Dispatch
• Load shedding
Cont…
• Data Logging:
– Storing data in compressed format.
– Logs all operator entry, alarm for selected informations
– Logging user action along with user ID.
– Recording the data for playback.
• General functions:
– Interfacing peripherals (Printers, plotters)
– Defining users right of modification and access.
– Downloading new configurations of RTU.
– Modifying log book and lists.
• Substation control functions:
– Alarm
– Indication
– Controlling and monitoring the position of devices
– Data collection
– Protection function
Topic III: Security Analysis and Control

• Security monitoring is the on-line identification of the

actual operating conditions of a power system.
• Monitoring involves:
– Wide instrumentation
– Status of components
– Online determination of network topology
• State estimation is required.
 Security analysis
System limit
violation Measurement

Process Monitor

Display

Limit violation Contingency Analysis

Control action

Switching Load Shedding

Rescheduling
 Security monitoring system

Power System

Telemetered data Power System

Components

State Estimator
Security Contingencies
Analyzer

Security
Constraints
Alarm, Display,
Control Actions
 Functions (of Security Monitoring System)
Function Function performed
To process message form RTUs.
Data acquisition
To check analog measurements against limits.

To check status values against normal value.

To send alarm conditions to alarm processor.

To send alarm messages.

Alarm processor
To transmit messages according to priority.

Status processor To Determine status of each substation for proper connection.

Reserve monitor To check generator MW output on all units against unit limits.

State estimator To determine system state variables.

To detect the presence of bad measured values.
To identify the location of bad measurements.
 Security analysis sequence

SCADA

Network
Topology

State Estimator

Transmission loss Contingency Analysis Load Forecasting

factors

Preventive
OPF Security Enhancement Actions
Functions of Security Control
 Topic IV: State Estimation
• State Estimation: It is the process of assigning a value to an unknown
system state variable based on measurements from the system based on
some criteria.
• In other words, Minimizing the square of the differences between the
estimated and the true value of a function.
• It is the process of avoiding erroneous data.
• Causes of errors:
– Metering error
– Communication failure or noise in data transmission
– Inaccurate transducer calibration
– Analog to digital conversion
– Unbalanced phases
• In case of more number of measurements, by a systematic cross
checking the errors can be eliminated.
• State vector:
– The system state is given by a vector X, which comprises
of the voltage magnitude of all the buses and the voltage
angles of the load bus and the generator buses.
– For a system with nb number of buses, the dimension of
the state vector is 2nb-1.
– The state vector,

2 
 
 3 
 : 
 nb 
[ X ]  V 
 1 
V2 
 
: 
V 
 nb 
Measurement Scheme:
• Let [Z] be the measured vector and nm be the number of measurements.
• Each quantity is a non-linear function of the state variable. [ Z I ] = Fi[X],
i=1,2,…………,nm
• Five standard measurement schemes:
i. Measurement of P at all the buses except the reference bus and Q at all
the buses.
nm = 2 nb – 1 = ns
i. Measurement of P, Q and V at all the buses. nm = 3 nb
ii. Measurement of P and Q at both ends of each element of the transmission
network. nm = 4 nl
iii. Measurement of P and Q at both ends of each element of the transmission
network plus measurement of voltage magnitudes at all the buses. nm = 4
nl + nb
iv. Measurement of P, Q, V at all buses plus measurement of P and Q at both
ends of each element of the transmission network . nm = 3 nb + 4 nl
• Non-standard measurement schemes:
– The number of measurements should be greater than
number of state variables. Nm>ns
– If nm=ns,
• the number of equations and state variables are same.
• The solution is unique
– If nm<ns,
• The number of equations is less than the number of state
variables.
• The solution is infinite.
– If nm>ns,
• then the number of equations is more than the number of
state variables.
• Then there is no proper solution. A possible solution will
be obtained.
Static State Estimation:
• The static state of the power system is defined as the system state that exists after the
action of automatic controllers such as AGC and automatic excitation control are
completed.
• Real time control of power system control is concerned with the static state of the system.
• Static state estimation is the art of estimating the most likely system state given a set of
imperfect measurements made on the power system.
• Estimation of system state is the process based on statistical criterion that estimates the
true value of the state variables by optimising (minimizing or maximizing ) a selected
function.
Commonly encountered criteria in statistical state estimation is done by:
i. Weighted least square Criterion: The objective is to minimize the sum of the squares of
the weighted deviations of the estimated measurements [F[X]] from the actual
measurements [Z].
ii. Maximum likelihood Criterion: The objective is to maximize the probability that the
estimate of the state variables [X], is the true value of the state variable vector {X}.
iii. Minimum Variance Criterion: The objective is to minimize the sum of the squares of the
deviations of the estimated components of the state variable vector from the
corresponding components of the true state variable vector.
 Topic V: State Transition Diagram

• Various State:
– Normal State
• Loading and Operating Constraints are Satisfied.
• Equality(E) and Inequality (I) Constraints are Satisfied
– Secure State
• One of the postulated contingency state consists of the constraints limit
violated.
– Alert State
• All E and I are satisfied but the system is pushed to the Emergency state
under disturbances
– Emergency State
• One or more operating constraints are violated.
– Extremis State
• Both E and I are unsatisfied.
• Leads to islanding.
– Restorative State
• The system is brought back to alert state or secure state.
 State Transition Diagram

E,I
Normal State
Restart Load pickup (Secure State)
Preventive
Control

Restorative state Alert State E,I

Ë,I

Resynchronization Corrective Control

Emergency
Control
Extremis State Emergency State
Ë,Ï (Serious State)
E,Ï