The document discusses timer/counter programming in the 8051 microcontroller. It has two timers/counters, timer 0 and timer 1, that can be used as timers to generate time delays or as event counters. The timers use 16-bit registers (TH0, TL0 and TH1, TL1) to store the timer value or counted events. The TMOD and TCON registers are used to configure the timers for different modes and control starting/stopping. The three main timer modes are 13-bit, 16-bit, and 8-bit auto-reload modes.
The document discusses timer/counter programming in the 8051 microcontroller. It has two timers/counters, timer 0 and timer 1, that can be used as timers to generate time delays or as event counters. The timers use 16-bit registers (TH0, TL0 and TH1, TL1) to store the timer value or counted events. The TMOD and TCON registers are used to configure the timers for different modes and control starting/stopping. The three main timer modes are 13-bit, 16-bit, and 8-bit auto-reload modes.
The document discusses timer/counter programming in the 8051 microcontroller. It has two timers/counters, timer 0 and timer 1, that can be used as timers to generate time delays or as event counters. The timers use 16-bit registers (TH0, TL0 and TH1, TL1) to store the timer value or counted events. The TMOD and TCON registers are used to configure the timers for different modes and control starting/stopping. The three main timer modes are 13-bit, 16-bit, and 8-bit auto-reload modes.
The document discusses timer/counter programming in the 8051 microcontroller. It has two timers/counters, timer 0 and timer 1, that can be used as timers to generate time delays or as event counters. The timers use 16-bit registers (TH0, TL0 and TH1, TL1) to store the timer value or counted events. The TMOD and TCON registers are used to configure the timers for different modes and control starting/stopping. The three main timer modes are 13-bit, 16-bit, and 8-bit auto-reload modes.
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Counter/Timer Programming in the
8051
1 Timers /Counters
• The 8051 has 2 timers/counters: timer/counter 0 and
timer/counter 1. They can be used as 1. The timer is used as a time delay generator. – The clock source is the internal crystal frequency of the 8051. 2. An event counter. – External input from input pin to count the number of events on registers. – These clock pulses cold represent the number of people passing through an entrance, or the number of wheel rotations, or any other event that can be converted to 2 pulses. Timer
• Set the initial value of registers
• Start the timer and then the 8051 counts up. • Input from internal system clock (machine cycle) • When the registers equal to 0 and the 8051 sets a bit to denote time out 8051
P2 P1 to Set LCD Timer 0 TH0
TL0
3 Counter
• Count the number of events
– Show the number of events on registers – External input from T0 input pin (P3.4) for Counter 0 – External input from T1 input pin (P3.5) for Counter 1 – External input from Tx input pin. 8051 – We use Tx to denote T0 or T1. TH0 P1 to TL0 LCD P3.4 a switch T0 4 Registers Used in Timer/Counter
• TH0, TL0, TH1, TL1
• TMOD (Timer mode register) • TCON (Timer control register)
5 Basic Registers of the Timer
• Both timer 0 and timer 1 are 16 bits wide.
– These registers stores • the time delay as a timer • the number of events as a counter – Timer 0: TH0 & TL0 • Timer 0 high byte, timer 0 low byte – Timer 1: TH1 & TL1 • Timer 1 high byte, timer 1 low byte – Each 16-bit timer can be accessed as two separate registers of low byte and high byte.
MOV TMOD,#21H – An 8-bit register – Set the usage mode for two timers • Set lower 4 bits for Timer 0 (Set to 0000 if not used) • Set upper 4 bits for Timer 1 (Set to 0000 if not used) – Not bit-addressable
GATE Gating control when set. Timer/counter is enabled only
while the INTx pin is high and the TRx control pin is set. When cleared, the timer is enabled whenever the TRx control bit is set. C/T Timer or counter selected cleared for timer operation (input from internal system clock). Set for counter operation (input from Tx input pin). M1 Mode bit 1 M0 Mode bit 0
• This bit is used to decide whether the timer is used as
a delay generator or an event counter. • C/T = 0 : timer • C/T = 1 : counter
10 Gate
• Every timer has a mean of starting and stopping.
– GATE=0 • Internal control • The start and stop of the timer are controlled by way of software. • Set/clear the TR for start/stop timer. – GATE=1 • External control • The hardware way of starting and stopping the timer by software and an external source. • Timer/counter is enabled only while the INT pin is high and the TR control pin is set (TR).
11 M1, M0
• M0 and M1 select the timer mode for timers 0 & 1.
M1 M0 Mode Operating Mode
0 0 0 13-bit timer mode 8-bit THx + 5-bit TLx (x= 0 or 1) 0 1 1 16-bit timer mode 8-bit THx + 8-bit TLx 1 0 2 8-bit auto reload 8-bit auto reload timer/counter; THx holds a value which is to be reloaded into TLx each time it overflows. 12 1 1 3 Split timer mode Example 1
Indicate which mode and which timer are selected for each of the following. (a) MOV TMOD,#01H (b) MOV TMOD,#20H (c) MOV TMOD,#12H Solution: timer 1 timer 0
(a) TMOD = 00000001, mode 1 of timer 0 is selected.
(b) TMOD = 00100000, mode 2 of timer 1 is selected. (c) TMOD = 00010010, mode 2 of timer 0, and mode 1 of timer 1 are selected. 13 Example 2 Find the timer’s clock frequency and its period for various 8051- based systems, with the following crystal frequencies. (a) 12 MHz (b) 16 MHz (c) 11.0592 MHz Solution:
XTAL oscillator ÷ 12
(a) 1/12 × 12 MHz = 1 MHz and T = 1/1 MHz = 1
s (b) 1/12 × 16 MHz = 1.333 MHz and T = 1/1.333 MHz = .75 s (c) 1/12 × 11.0592 MHz = 921.6 KHz; 14 T = 1/921.6 KHz = 1.085 s Example 9-3
Find the value for TMOD if we want to program timer 0 in mode 2,
use 8051 XTAL for the clock source, and use instructions to start and stop the timer.
Solution:
TMOD= 0000 0010 Timer 1 is not used.
Timer 0, mode 2, C/T = 0 to use XTAL clock source (timer) gate = 0 to use internal (software) start and stop method. 15 TCON Register (1/2)
• Timer control register: TMOD
– Upper nibble for timer/counter, lower nibble for interrupts • TR (run control bit) – TR0 for Timer/counter 0; TR1 for Timer/counter 1. – TR is set by programmer to turn timer/counter on/off. • TR=0: off (stop) • TR=1: on (start)
– TF0 for timer/counter 0; TF1 for timer/counter 1. – TF is like a carry. Originally, TF=0. When TH-TL roll over to 0000 from FFFFH, the TF is set to 1. • TF=0 : not reach • TF=1: reach • If we enable interrupt, TF=1 will trigger ISR.
• Mode 0 is exactly like mode 1 except that it is a 13-
bit timer instead of 16-bit. – 8-bit TH0 + 5-bit TL0 • The counter can hold values between 0000 to 1FFF in TH0-TL0. – 213-1= 2000H-1=1FFFH • We set the initial values TH0-TL0 to count up. • When the timer reaches its maximum of 1FFFH, it rolls over to 0000, and TF0 is raised.
18 Mode 0 Programming
XTAL oscillator ÷ 12 MC
C/T = 0
TH-8bit TL-5bit TF Start timer TF goes high overflow TR when FFFF 0 flag 19 Timer Mode 1
• In following, we all use timer 0 as an example.
• 16-bit timer (TH0 and TL0) • TH0-TL0 is incremented continuously when TR0 is set to 1. And the 8051 stops to increment TH0-TL0 when TR0 is cleared. • The timer works with the internal system clock. • When the timer (TH0-TL0) reaches its maximum of FFFFH, it rolls over to 0000, and TF0 is raised. • Programmer should check TF0 and stop the timer 0. 20 Mode 1 Programming
XTAL oscillator ÷ 12 MC
C/T = 0
TH-8bit TL-8 bit TF
Start timer TF goes high overflow TR when FFFF 0 flag 21 Steps of Mode 1 (1/3)
1. Chose mode 1 timer 0
– MOV TMOD,#01H 2. Set the original value to TH0 and TL0. – MOV TH0,#FFH – MOV TL0,#FCH 3. You had better to clear the flag to monitor: TF0=0. – CLR TF0 4. Start the timer. – SETB TR0
22 Steps of Mode 1 (2/3)
5. The 8051 starts to count up by incrementing the TH0-
TL0. – TH0-TL0= FFFCH,FFFDH,FFFEH,FFFFH,0000H
TR0=1 TR0=0 Start timer TH0 TL0 Stop timer
FFFC FFFD FFFE FFFF 0000
TF = 0 TF = 0 TF = 0 TF = 0 TF = 1
TF Monitor TF until TF=1
23 Steps of Mode 1 (3/3)
6. When TH0-TL0 rolls over from FFFFH to 0000,
the 8051 set TF0=1. – TH0-TL0= FFFEH, FFFFH, 0000H (Now TF0=1) 7. Keep monitoring the timer flag (TF) to see if it is raised. – AGAIN: JNB TF0, AGAIN 8. Clear TR0 to stop the process. – CLR TR0 9. Clear the TF flag for the next round. – CLR TF0 24 Timer Mode 2
• 8-bit timer. – It allows only values of 00 to FFH to be loaded into TH0. • Auto-reloading • TL0 is incremented continuously when TR0=1.
25 Mode 2 programming
XTAL oscillator ÷ 12
C/T = 0
overflow TL TF flag reload TF goes high TR TH when FF 0 26 Steps of Mode 2 (1/2)
1. Chose mode 2 timer 0
– MOV TMOD,#02H 2. Set the original value to TH0. – MOV TH0,#38H 3. Clear the flag to TF0=0. – CLR TF0 4. After TH0 is loaded with the 8-bit value, the 8051 gives a copy of it to TL0. – TL0=TH0=38H 5. Start the timer. 27 – SETB TR0 Steps of Mode 2 (2/2)
6. The 8051 starts to count up by incrementing the TL0.
– TL0= 38H, 39H, 3AH,.... 7. When TL0 rolls over from FFH to 00, the 8051 set TF0=1. Also, TL0 is reloaded automatically with the value kept by the TH0. – TL0= FEH, FFH, 00H (Now TF0=1) – The 8051 auto reload TL0=TH0=38H. – Go to Step 6 (i.e., TL0 is incrementing continuously). • Note that we must clear TF0 when TL0 rolls over. Thus, we can monitor TF0 in next process. • Clear TR0 to stop the process. 28 Example 14 (2/2)
Solution: (a) First notice that target address of SJMP. In mode 2 we do not need to reload TH since it is auto-reload. Half period = (FFH – 05 +1) × 1.085 s = 272.33 s Total period = 2 × 272.33 s = 544.67 s Frequency = 1.83597 kHz. (b) To get the smallest frequency, we need the largest period and that is achieved when TH = 00. Total period = 2 × 256 × 1.085 s = 555.52 s Frequency = 1.8kHz. 29 Section 2 Counter Programming
30 Counter
• These timers can also be used as counters counting
events happening outside the 8051. • When the timer is used as a counter, it is a pulse outside of the 8051 that increments the TH, TL. • When C/T=1, the counter counts up as pulses are fed from – T0: timer 0 input (Pin 14, P3.4) – T1: timer 1 input (Pin 15, P3.5)
• TH0-TL0 is incremented when TR0 is set to 1 and an external pulse (in T0) occurs. • When the counter (TH0-TL0) reaches its maximum of FFFFH, it rolls over to 0000, and TF0 is raised. • Programmers should monitor TF0 continuously and stop the counter 0. • Programmers can set the initial value of TH0-TL0 and let TF0=1 as an indicator to show a special condition. (ex: 100 people have come). 33 Figure 9-5. (a) Counter 0 with External Input (Mode 1)
overflow Timer 0 flag external TH0 TL0 TF0 input Pin 3.4 TF0 goes high C/T = 1 TR0 when FFFF 0
overflow Timer 1 flag external TH1 TL1 TF1 input Pin 3.5 TF1 goes high C/T = 1 TR1 when FFFF 0
35 Counter Mode 2
• 8-bit counter. – It allows only values of 00 to FFH to be loaded into TH0. • Auto-reloading • TL0 is incremented if TR0=1 and external pulse occurs. • See Figure 9.6, 9.7 for logic view • See Examples 9-18, 9-19
36 Figure 9.6: Counter 0 with External Input (Mode 2)
