TIMER PROGRAMMING

The 8051 Microcontroller and Embedded

Systems: Using Assembly and C
  The 8051 has two timers/counters,
PROGRAMMING
TIMERS they can be used either as
 Timers to generate a time delay or as
 Event counters to count events happening
outside the microcontroller
 Both Timer 0 and Timer 1 are 16 bits
wide
 Since 8051 has an 8-bit architecture, each
16-bits timer is accessed as two separate
registers of low byte and high byte
  Accessed as low byte and high byte
PROGRAMMING
 The low byte register is called TL0/TL1
TIMERS
and
 The high byte register is called TH0/TH1
Timer 0 & 1
Registers  Accessed like any other register
 MOV TL0,#4FH
 MOV R5,TH0
TH0 TL0

D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

TH1 TL1

D15 D14 D13 D12 D11 D10 D9 D8 D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0

  Both timers 0 and 1 use the same
PROGRAMMING
TIMERS register, called TMOD (timer mode), to
set the various timer operation modes
TMOD  TMOD is a 8-bit register
Register
 The lower 4 bits are for Timer 0
 The upper 4 bits are for Timer 1
 In each case,
 The lower 2 bits are used to set the timer mode
 The upper 2 bits to specify the operation
(MSB) (LSB)
GATE C/T M1 M0 GATE C/T M1 M0

Timer1 Timer0
 (MSB) (LSB)
GATE C/T M1 M0 GATE C/T M1 M0
PROGRAMMING
Timer1 Timer0
TIMERS

TMOD M1 M0 Mode Operating Mode

Register 0 0 0 13-bit timer mode

8-bit timer/counter THx with TLx as 5-bit
(cont’) prescaler
0 1 1 16-bit timer mode
16-bit timer/counter THx and TLx are
cascaded; there is no prescaler

Gating control when set. 1 0 2 8-bit auto reload

8-bit auto reload timer/counter; THx holds a
Timer/counter is enable value which is to be reloaded TLx each time
only while the INTx pin is it overfolws
high and the TRx control 1 1 3 Split timer mode
pin is set
When cleared, the timer is Timer or counter selected
enabled whenever the TRx Cleared for timer operation (input from internal
control bit is set system clock)
Set for counter operation (input from Tx input pin)
 Example 9-1
PROGRAMMING Indicate which mode and which timer are selected for each of the following.
(a) MOV TMOD, #01H (b) MOV TMOD, #20H (c) MOV TMOD, #12H
TIMERS
Solution:
We convert the value from hex to binary. From Figure 9-3 we have:
TMOD (a) TMOD = 00000001, mode 1 of timer 0 is selected.
Register (b) TMOD = 00100000, mode 2 of timer 1 is selected.
(c) TMOD = 00010010, mode 2 of timer 0, and mode 1 of timer 1 are
(cont’) selected.

If C/T = 0, it is used
as a timer for time Example 9-2
delay generation. Find the timer’s clock frequency and its period for various 8051-based system,
The clock source for with the crystal frequency 11.0592 MHz when C/T bit of TMOD is 0.
the time delay is the
Solution:
crystal frequency of
XTAL
the 8051 ÷12
oscillator

1/12  11.0529 MHz = 921.6 MHz;

T = 1/921.6 kHz = 1.085 us
  Timers of 8051 do starting and stopping
by either software or hardware control
PROGRAMMING
 In using software to start and stop the timer
TIMERS where GATE=0
 The start and stop of the timer are controlled by
TMOD way of software by the TR (timer start) bits TR0
Register and TR1
– The SETB instruction starts it, and it is
stopped by the CLR instruction
GATE
– These instructions start and stop the timers
as long as GATE=0 in the TMOD register
 The hardware way of starting and stopping
the timer by an external source is achieved
• Timer 0, mode 2
•C/T = 0 to use
by making GATE=1 in the TMOD register
XTAL clock source Find the value for TMOD if we want to program timer 0 in mode 2,
• gate = 0 to use use 8051 XTAL for the clock source, and use instructions to start
internal (software) start and stop the timer.
and stop method.
TMOD = 0000 0010
  The following are the characteristics
PROGRAMMING and operations of mode1:
TIMERS
1. It is a 16-bit timer; therefore, it allows
value of 0000 to FFFFH to be loaded into
Mode 1 the timer’s register TL and TH
Programming
2. After TH and TL are loaded with a 16-bit
initial value, the timer must be started
 This is done by SETB TR0 for timer 0 and
SETB TR1 for timer 1
3. After the timer is started, it starts to
count up
 It counts up until it reaches its limit of FFFFH

XTAL TH TL TF
÷12
oscillator
TF goes high Overflow
C/T = 0 TR when FFFF  0 flag
 3. (cont’)
 When it rolls over from FFFFH to 0000, it sets
PROGRAMMING high a flag bit called TF (timer flag)
TIMERS – Each timer has its own timer flag: TF0 for
timer 0, and TF1 for timer 1
– This timer flag can be monitored
Mode 1  When this timer flag is raised, one option
Programming would be to stop the timer with the
(cont’) instructions CLR TR0 or CLR TR1, for timer 0
and timer 1, respectively
4. After the timer reaches its limit and rolls
over, in order to repeat the process
 TH and TL must be reloaded with the original
value, and
 TF must be reloaded to 0

XTAL TH TL TF
÷12
oscillator
TF goes high Overflow
C/T = 0 TR when FFFF  0 flag
  To generate a time delay
PROGRAMMING 1. Load the TMOD value register indicating
TIMERS which timer (timer 0 or timer 1) is to be
used and which timer mode (0 or 1) is
selected
Mode 1
Programming 2. Load registers TL and TH with initial count
value
Steps to Mode 1 3. Start the timer
Program 4. Keep monitoring the timer flag (TF) with
the JNB TFx,target instruction to see
if it is raised
 Get out of the loop when TF becomes high
5. Stop the timer
6. Clear the TF flag for the next round
7. Go back to Step 2 to load TH and TL
again
 Example 9-4
PROGRAMMING In the following program, we create a square wave of 50% duty cycle (with
equal portions high and low) on the P1.5 bit. Timer 0 is used to generate the
TIMERS time delay. Analyze the program

MOV TMOD,#01 ;Timer 0, mode 1(16-bit mode)

Mode 1 HERE: MOV TL0,#0F2H ;TL0=F2H, the low byte
Programming MOV TH0,#0FFH
CPL P1.5
;TH0=FFH, the high byte
;toggle P1.5
ACALL DELAY
Steps to Mode 1 SJMP HERE
Program
(cont’) In the above program notice the following step.
1. TMOD is loaded.
2. FFF2H is loaded into TH0-TL0.
3. P1.5 is toggled for the high and low portions of the pulse.
…
 Example 9-4 (cont’)

DELAY:
PROGRAMMING SETB TR0 ;start the timer 0
AGAIN: JNB TF0,AGAIN ;monitor timer flag 0
TIMERS ;until it rolls over
CLR TR0 ;stop timer 0
CLR TF0 ;clear timer 0 flag
Mode 1 RET
Programming 4. The DELAY subroutine using the timer is called.
5. In the DELAY subroutine, timer 0 is started by the SETB TR0 instruction.
Steps to Mode 1 6.Timer 0 counts up with the passing of each clock, which is provided by the
crystal oscillator. As the timer counts up, it goes through the states of FFF3,
Program FFF4, FFF5, FFF6, FFF7, FFF8, FFF9, FFFA, FFFB, and so on until it
(cont’) reaches FFFFH. One more clock rolls it to 0, raising the timer flag (TF0=1).
At that point, the JNB instruction falls through.

FFF2 FFF3 FFF4 FFFF 0000

TF=0 TF=0 TF=0 TF=0 TF=1

7. Timer 0 is stopped by the instruction CLR TR0. The DELAY subroutine
ends, and the process is repeated.
Notice that to repeat the process, we must reload the TL and TH registers, and
start the process is repeated …
 Example 9-11
PROGRAMMING Assume that XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, write a program to generate a
square wave of 2 kHz frequency on pin P1.5.
TIMERS
Solution:
Mode 1 This is similar to Example 9-10, except that we must toggle the bit to
generate the square wave. Look at the following steps.
Programming (a) T = 1 / f = 1 / 2 kHz = 500 us the period of square wave.
(b) 1 / 2 of it for the high and low portion of the pulse is 250 us.
Finding the (c) 250 us / 1.085 us = 230 and 65536 – 230 = 65306 which in hex
Loaded Timer is FF1AH.
(d) TL = 1A and TH = FF, all in hex. The program is as follow.
Values
(cont’) MOV TMOD,#01 ;Timer 0, 16-bitmode
AGAIN: MOV TL1,#1AH ;TL1=1A, low byte of timer
MOV TH1,#0FFH ;TH1=FF, the high byte
SETB TR1 ;Start timer 1
BACK: JNB TF1,BACK ;until timer rolls over
CLR TR1 ;Stop the timer 1
CLR P1.5 ;Clear timer flag 1
CLR TF1 ;Clear timer 1 flag
SJMP AGAIN ;Reload timer
 Example 9-12
Assume XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, write a program to generate a square
PROGRAMMING wave of 50 kHz frequency on pin P2.3.
TIMERS
Solution:
Look at the following steps.
Mode 1 (a) T = 1 / 50 = 20 ms, the period of square wave.
Programming (b) 1 / 2 of it for the high and low portion of the pulse is 10 ms.
(c) 10 ms / 1.085 us = 9216 and 65536 – 9216 = 56320 in decimal,
and in hex it is DC00H.
Finding the (d) TL = 00 and TH = DC (hex).
Loaded Timer
Values MOV TMOD,#10H ;Timer 1, mod 1
(cont’) AGAIN: MOV TL1,#00 ;TL1=00,low byte of timer
MOV TH1,#0DCH ;TH1=DC, the high byte
SETB TR1 ;Start timer 1
BACK: JNB TF1,BACK ;until timer rolls over
CLR TR1 ;Stop the timer 1
CLR P2.3 ;Comp. p2.3 to get hi, lo
SJMP AGAIN ;Reload timer
;mode 1 isn‟t auto-reload
  The following are the characteristics
PROGRAMMING and operations of mode 2:
TIMERS
1. It is an 8-bit timer; therefore, it allows
only values of 00 to FFH to be loaded
Mode 2 into the timer’s register TH
Programming
2. After TH is loaded with the 8-bit value,
the 8051 gives a copy of it to TL
 Then the timer must be started
 This is done by the instruction SETB TR0 for
timer 0 and SETB TR1 for timer 1
3. After the timer is started, it starts to
count up by incrementing the TL register
 It counts up until it reaches its limit of FFH
 When it rolls over from FFH to 00, it sets high
the TF (timer flag)
 4. When the TL register rolls from FFH to 0
PROGRAMMING and TF is set to 1, TL is reloaded
TIMERS automatically with the original value kept
by the TH register
Mode 2  To repeat the process, we must simply clear
Programming TF and let it go without any need by the
(cont’) programmer to reload the original value
 This makes mode 2 an auto-reload, in
contrast with mode 1 in which the
programmer has to reload TH and TL

XTAL Overflow
÷12 TL TF
oscillator flag
TR Reload
TF goes high
C/T = 0
when FF  0
TH
  To generate a time delay
PROGRAMMING
1. Load the TMOD value register indicating
TIMERS which timer (timer 0 or timer 1) is to be
used, and the timer mode (mode 2) is
Mode 2 selected
Programming 2. Load the TH registers with the initial
count value
Steps to Mode 2
Program 3. Start timer
4. Keep monitoring the timer flag (TF) with
the JNB TFx,target instruction to see
whether it is raised
 Get out of the loop when TF goes high
5. Clear the TF flag
6. Go back to Step4, since mode 2 is auto-
reload
  Timers can also be used as counters
COUNTER
PROGRAMMING
counting events happening outside the
8051
 When it is used as a counter, it is a pulse
outside of the 8051 that increments the
TH, TL registers
 TMOD and TH, TL registers are the same
as for the timer discussed previously
 Programming the timer in the last
section also applies to programming it
as a counter
 Except the source of the frequency
  The C/T bit in the TMOD registers
COUNTER
PROGRAMMING
decides the source of the clock for the
timer
C/T Bit in  When C/T = 1, the timer is used as a
TMOD Register counter and gets its pulses from outside
the 8051
 The counter counts up as pulses are fed from
pins 14 and 15, these pins are called T0 (timer
0 input) and T1 (timer 1 input)

Port 3 pins used for Timers 0 and 1

Pin Port Pin Function Description
14 P3.4 T0 Timer/counter 0 external input
15 P3.5 T1 Timer/counter 1 external input
 Example 9-18
Assuming that clock pulses are fed into pin T1, write a program
COUNTER for counter 1 in mode 2 to count the pulses and display the state
of the TL1 count on P2, which connects to 8 LEDs.
PROGRAMMING
Solution:
MOV TM0D,#01100000B ;counter 1, mode 2,
C/T Bit in ;C/T=1 external pulses
TMOD Register MOV TH1,#0 ;clear TH1
SETB P3.5 ;make T1 input
(cont’) AGAIN: SETB ;start the counter
TR1
BACK: MOV A,TL1 ;get copy of TL
MOV P2,A ;display it on port 2
JNB TF1,Back ;keep doing, if TF = 0
CLR TR1 ;stop the counter 1
CLR TF1 ;make TF=0
SJMP AGAIN ;keep doing it
Notice in the above program the role of the instruction SETB P3.5.
Since ports are set up for output when the 8051 is powered up,
we make P3.5 an input port by making it high. In other words,
we must configure (set high) the T1 pin (pin P3.5) to allow
pulses to be fed into it.
 COUNTER Timer with external input (Mode 1)
PROGRAMMING Timer Overflow
external flag
input pin
C/T Bit in 3.4 or 3.5 TH TL TF
TF goes high
TMOD Register C/T = 1 TR when FFFF  0
(cont’)

Timer with external input (Mode 2)

Timer Overflow
external flag
input pin
3.4 or 3.5 TL TF

C/T = 1
TR Reload
TF goes high
when FF  0
TH
  TCON (timer control) register is an 8-
COUNTER
PROGRAMMING
bit register
TCON: Timer/Counter Control Register
TCON
Register TF1 TR1 TF0 TR0 IE1 IT1 IE0 IT0

The upper four

bits are used to The lower 4 bits
store the TF and are set aside for
TR bits of both controlling the
timer 0 and 1 interrupt bits
  TCON register is a bit-addressable
COUNTER
PROGRAMMING
register
Equivalent instruction for the Timer Control Register
TCON For timer 0
Register SETB TR0 = SETB TCON.4
(cont’) CLR TR0 = CLR TCON.4
SETB TF0 = SETB TCON.5
CLR TF0 = CLR TCON.5
For timer 1
SETB TR1 = SETB TCON.6
CLR TR1 = CLR TCON.6
SETB TF1 = SETB TCON.7
CLR TF1 = CLR TCON.7
  If GATE = 1, the start and stop of the
COUNTER
PROGRAMMING
timer are done externally through pins
P3.2 and P3.3 for timers 0 and 1,
TCON respectively
Register  This hardware way allows to start or stop
the timer externally at any time via a
Case of GATE = 1
simple switch
XTAL
÷12 C/T = 0
oscillator

Tx Pin
Pin 3.4 or 3.5 C/T = 1

Gate TR
INT0 Pin
Pin 3.2 or 3.3
 Example 9-20
Write an 8051 C program to toggle all the bits of port P1 continuously
PROGRAMMING with some delay in between. Use Timer 0, 16-bit mode to
generate the delay.
TIMERS IN C
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
Accessing void T0Delay(void);
Timer Registers void main(void){
while (1) {
P1=0x55;
T0Delay();
P1=0xAA;
T0Delay();
}
}
void T0Delay(){
TMOD=0x01;
TL0=0x00; FFFFH – 3500H = CAFFH
TH0=0x35; = 51967 + 1 = 51968
TR0=1;
while (TF0==0); 51968  1.085 s = 56.384 ms is the
TR0=0; approximate delay
TF0=0;
}
 Example 9-22
Write an 8051 C program to toggle all bits of P2 continuously every
PROGRAMMING 500 ms. Use Timer 1, mode 1 to create the delay.

TIMERS IN C Solution:
//tested for DS89C420, XTAL = 11.0592 MHz
#include <reg51.h>
Times 0/1 void T1M1Delay(void);
void main(void){
Delay Using unsigned char x;
P2=0x55;
Mode 1 (16-bit while (1) {
Non Auto- P2=~P2;
for (x=0;x<20;x++)
reload) T1M1Delay();
(cont’) }
}
void T1M1Delay(void){
TMOD=0x10;
TL1=0xFE; A5FEH = 42494 in decimal
TH1=0xA5; 65536 – 42494 = 23042
TR1=1;
while (TF1==0); 23042  1.085 s = 25 ms and
TR1=0; 20  25 ms = 500 ms
TF1=0;
}
 Example 9-25
PROGRAMMING A switch is connected to pin P1.2. Write an 8051 C program to
TIMERS IN C monitor SW and create the following frequencies on pin P1.7:
SW=0: 500Hz
SW=1: 750Hz, use Timer 0, mode 1 for both of them.
Times 0/1 Solution:
Delay Using #include <reg51.h>
sbit mybit=P1^5;
Mode 1 (16-bit sbit SW=P1^7;
Non Auto- void T0M1Delay(unsigned char);
void main(void){
reload) SW=1;
(cont’) while (1) {
mybit=~mybit;
if (SW==0)
T0M1Delay(0);
else
T0M1Delay(1);
}
}
.....
 Example 9-25
PROGRAMMING
.....
TIMERS IN C
void T0M1Delay(unsigned char c){
TMOD=0x01;
Times 0/1 if (c==0) {
TL0=0x67;
Delay Using TH0=0xFC;
FC67H = 64615
65536 – 64615 = 921
Mode 1 (16-bit }
else { 921  1.085 s = 999.285 s
Non Auto- TL0=0x9A;
1 / (999.285 s  2) = 500 Hz
TH0=0xFD;
reload) }
(cont’) TR0=1;
while (TF0==0);
TR0=0;
TF0=0;
}
 Example 9-23
Write an 8051 C program to toggle only pin P1.5 continuously every
PROGRAMMING 250 ms. Use Timer 0, mode 2 (8-bit auto-reload) to create the
delay.
TIMERS IN C
Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
Times 0/1 void T0M2Delay(void);
sbit mybit=P1^5;
Delay Using void main(void){ Due to overhead of the for loop
unsigned char x,y;
Mode 2 (8-bit while (1) { in C, we put 36 instead of 40
Auto-reload) mybit=~mybit;
for (x=0;x<250;x++)
for (y=0;y<36;y++) //we put 36, not 40
T0M2Delay();
}
}
void T0M2Delay(void){
TMOD=0x02;
TH0=-23; 256 – 23 = 233
TR0=1; 23  1.085 s = 25 s and
while (TF0==0);
TR0=0; 25 s  250  40 = 250 ms
TF0=0;
}
 Example 9-24
PROGRAMMING Write an 8051 C program to create a frequency of 2500 Hz on pin
TIMERS IN C P2.7. Use Timer 1, mode 2 to create delay.

Solution:
Times 0/1 #include <reg51.h>
void T1M2Delay(void);
Delay Using sbit mybit=P2^7;
void main(void){
Mode 2 (8-bit unsigned char x;
Auto-reload) while (1) {
mybit=~mybit;
(cont’) T1M2Delay();
}
}
void T1M2Delay(void){
TMOD=0x20; 1/2500 Hz = 400 s
TH1=-184;
TR1=1; 400 s /2 = 200 s
while (TF1==0); 200 s / 1.085 s = 184
TR1=0;
TF1=0;
}
 Example 9-26
PROGRAMMING Assume that a 1-Hz external clock is being fed into pin T1 (P3.5).
TIMERS IN C Write a C program for counter 1 in mode 2 (8-bit auto reload) to count
up and display the state of the TL1 count on P1. Start the count at 0H.

C Programming Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
of Timers as sbit T1=P3^5;
void main(void){
Counters T1=1;
TMOD=0x60;
TH1=0;
while (1) {
do {
TR1=1;
P1=TL1;
}
while (TF1==0);
TR1=0;
TF1=0;
}
}
 Example 9-27
Assume that a 1-Hz external clock is being fed into pin T0 (P3.4).
PROGRAMMING Write a C program for counter 0 in mode 1 (16-bit) to count the pulses
TIMERS IN C and display the state of the TH0 and TL0 registers on P2 and P1,
respectively.

C Programming Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
of Timers as void main(void){
T0=1;
Counters TMOD=0x05;
(cont’) TL0=0
TH0=0;
while (1) {
do {
TR0=1;
P1=TL0;
P2=TH0;
}
while (TF0==0);
TR0=0;
TF0=0;
}
}
SERIAL COMMUNICATION
  Computers transfer data in two ways:
BASICS OF
SERIAL  Parallel
COMMUNICA-  Often 8 or more lines (wire conductors) are
used to transfer data to a device that is only a
TION few feet away
 Serial
 To transfer to a device located many meters
away, the serial method is used
 The data is sent one bit at a time

Serial Transfer Parallel Transfer

D0

Sender Receiver Sender Receiver

D7
  Serial data communication uses two
BASICS OF methods
SERIAL
 Synchronous method transfers a block of
COMMUNICA- data at a time
TION
(cont’)
 Asynchronous method transfers a single
byte at a time
 It is possible to write software to use
either of these methods, but the
programs can be tedious and long
 There are special IC chips made by many
manufacturers for serial communications
 UART (universal asynchronous Receiver-
transmitter)
 USART (universal synchronous-asynchronous
Receiver-transmitter)
  If data can be transmitted and received,
BASICS OF it is a duplex transmission
SERIAL  If data transmitted one way a time, it is
COMMUNICA- referred to as half duplex
TION  If data can go both ways at a time, it is full
duplex
Half- and Full-  This is contrast to simplex transmission
Duplex
Transmission Simplex Transmitter Receiver

Transmitter Receiver
Half Duplex
Receiver Transmitter

Transmitter Receiver
Full Duplex
Receiver Transmitter
  A protocol is a set of rules agreed by
BASICS OF both the sender and receiver on
SERIAL  How the data is packed
COMMUNICA-  How many bits constitute a character
TION  When the data begins and ends
 Asynchronous serial data
Start and Stop communication is widely used for
Bits character-oriented transmissions
 Each character is placed in between start
and stop bits, this is called framing
 Block-oriented data transfers use the
synchronous method
 The start bit is always one bit, but the
stop bit can be one or two bits
  The start bit is always a 0 (low) and the
BASICS OF stop bit(s) is 1 (high)
SERIAL
COMMUNICA- ASCII character “A” (8-bit binary 0100 0001)
TION

Start and Stop

Start Mark
Bits Space
Stop
Bit
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 Bit
(cont’)
D7 D0

Goes out last Goes out first

The 0 (low) is
referred to as space The transmission begins with a
start bit followed by D0, the
LSB, then the rest of the bits When there is no
until MSB (D7), and finally, transfer, the signal
the one stop bit indicating the is 1 (high), which is
end of the character referred to as mark
  The rate of data transfer in serial data
BASICS OF communication is stated in bps (bits per
SERIAL second)
COMMUNICA-  Another widely used terminology for
TION bps is baud rate
 It is modem terminology and is defined as
Data Transfer the number of signal changes per second
Rate  In modems, there are occasions when a
single change of signal transfers several
bits of data
 As far as the conductor wire is
concerned, the baud rate and bps are
the same, and we use the terms
interchangeably
  An interfacing standard RS232 was set
BASICS OF by the Electronics Industries Association
SERIAL (EIA) in 1960
COMMUNICA-  The standard was set long before the
TION advent of the TTL logic family, its input
and output voltage levels are not TTL
RS232 compatible
Standards  In RS232, a 1 is represented by -3 ~ -25 V,
while a 0 bit is +3 ~ +25 V, making -3 to
+3 undefined
 RS232 DB-25 Pins
Pin Description Pin Description

BASICS OF 1 Protective ground 14 Secondary transmitted data

SERIAL 2 Transmitted data (TxD) 15 Transmitted signal element timing

3 Received data (RxD) 16 Secondary receive data
COMMUNICA- 4 Request to send (-RTS) 17 Receive signal element timing
TION 5 Clear to send (-CTS) 18 Unassigned
6 Data set ready (-DSR) 19 Secondary receive data
7 Signal ground (GND) 20 Data terminal ready (-DTR)
RS232 8 Data carrier detect (-DCD) 21 Signal quality detector
Standards 9/10 Reserved for data testing 22 Ring indicator (RI)

(cont’) 11 Unassigned 23 Data signal rate select

12 Secondary data carrier detect 24 Transmit signal element timing
13 Secondary clear to send 25 Unassigned

RS232 Connector DB-25

  Since not all pins are used in PC cables,
BASICS OF IBM introduced the DB-9 version of the
SERIAL serial I/O standard
COMMUNICA-
TION RS232 Connector DB-9 RS232 DB-9 Pins
Pin Description

RS232 1 Data carrier detect (-DCD)

Standards 2 Received data (RxD)

3 Transmitted data (TxD)
(cont’)
4 Data terminal ready (DTR)
5 Signal ground (GND)
6 Data set ready (-DSR)
7 Request to send (-RTS)
8 Clear to send (-CTS)
9 Ring indicator (RI)
  Current terminology classifies data
BASICS OF communication equipment as
SERIAL  DTE (data terminal equipment) refers to
COMMUNICA- terminal and computers that send and
TION receive data
 DCE (data communication equipment)
Data refers to communication equipment, such
as modems
Communication
Classification
 The simplest connection between a PC
and microcontroller requires a minimum
of three pins, TxD, RxD, and ground
Null modem connection
DTE DTE
TxD TxD
RxD RxD

ground
  DTR (data terminal ready)
BASICS OF  When terminal is turned on, it sends out
SERIAL signal DTR to indicate that it is ready for
COMMUNICA- communication
TION  DSR (data set ready)
 When DCE is turned on and has gone
RS232 Pins through the self-test, it assert DSR to
indicate that it is ready to communicate
 RTS (request to send)
 When the DTE device has byte to transmit,
it assert RTS to signal the modem that it
has a byte of data to transmit
 CTS (clear to send)
 When the modem has room for storing the
data it is to receive, it sends out signal CTS
to DTE to indicate that it can receive the
data now
  DCD (data carrier detect)
BASICS OF  The modem asserts signal DCD to inform
SERIAL the DTE that a valid carrier has been
COMMUNICA- detected and that contact between it and
TION the other modem is established
 RI (ring indicator)
RS232 Pins  An output from the modem and an input to
(cont’) a PC indicates that the telephone is ringing
 It goes on and off in synchronous with the
ringing sound
 8051
 A line driver such as the MAX232 chip is
CONNECTION required to convert RS232 voltage
TO RS232 levels to TTL levels, and vice versa
 8051 has two pins that are used
specifically for transferring and
receiving data serially
 These two pins are called TxD and RxD and
are part of the port 3 group (P3.0 and P3.1)
 These pins are TTL compatible; therefore,
they require a line driver to make them
RS232 compatible
  We need a line driver (voltage
8051 converter) to convert the R232’s signals
CONNECTION to TTL voltage levels that will be
TO RS232 acceptable to 8051’s TxD and RxD pins

MAX232 Vcc
C3
+
MAX232 requires
16 2 four capacitors
+
1 MAX232
C1
3 6 8051
4 C4
+
C2
+
MAX232
5 P3.1 11 11
TxD 14 2 5

T1in T1out
11 14
13 3
R1out R1in P3.0 10 12
12 13
RxD
T2in T2out
10 7
R2out R2int
DB-9
9 8

TTL side RS232 side

MAX232 has two
15
sets of line drivers
  To save board space, some designers
8051 use MAX233 chip from Maxim
CONNECTION  MAX233 performs the same job as MAX232
TO RS232 but eliminates the need for capacitors
 Notice that MAX233 and MAX232 are not
MAX233 pin compatible
Vcc
13
7

14 MAX233 11

12
15
8051
16
17 MAX233
10 P3.1 11 2
TxD 5 2 5

T1in T1out
2 5
4 3
R1out R1in P3.0 10 3
3 4
RxD
T2in T2out
1 18
DB-9
R2out R2int
20 19

TTL side 6 9 RS232 side

  To allow data transfer between the PC
SERIAL and an 8051 system without any error,
COMMUNICA- we must make sure that the baud rate
TION of 8051 system matches the baud rate
PROGRAMMING of the PC’s COM port
 Hyperterminal function supports baud
rates much higher than listed below
PC Baud Rates
110
150
300
600
1200
2400
4800
9600
19200 Baud rates supported by
486/Pentium IBM PC BIOS
 With XTAL = 11.0592 MHz, find the TH1 value needed to have the
following baud rates. (a) 9600 (b) 2400 (c) 1200
SERIAL Solution:
COMMUNICA- The machine cycle frequency of 8051 = 11.0592 / 12 = 921.6 kHz,
TION and 921.6 kHz / 32 = 28,800 Hz is frequency by UART to timer 1 to
set baud rate.
PROGRAMMING (a) 28,800 / 3 = 9600 where -3 = FD (hex) is loaded into TH1
(cont’) (b) 28,800 / 12 = 2400 where -12 = F4 (hex) is loaded into TH1
(c) 28,800 / 24 = 1200 where -24 = E8 (hex) is loaded into TH1
Notice that dividing 1/12 of the crystal frequency by 32 is the default
value upon activation of the 8051 RESET pin.
11.0592 MHz

Machine cycle freq 28800 Hz

XTAL ÷ 32
÷ 12
oscillator 921.6 kHz By UART To timer 1
To set the
Baud rate
Baud Rate TH1 (Decimal) TH1 (Hex)
9600 -3 FD
TF is set to 1 every 12 4800 -6 FA
ticks, so it functions as 2400 -12 F4
a frequency divider 1200 -24 E8
  SBUF is an 8-bit register used solely for
SERIAL serial communication
COMMUNICA-  For a byte data to be transferred via the
TION TxD line, it must be placed in the SBUF
PROGRAMMING register
 The moment a byte is written into SBUF, it is
framed with the start and stop bits and
SBUF Register transferred serially via the TxD line
 SBUF holds the byte of data when it is
received by 8051 RxD line
 When the bits are received serially via RxD, the
8051 deframes it by eliminating the stop and
start bits, making a byte out of the data received,
and then placing it in SBUF

MOV SBUF,#‟D‟ ;load SBUF=44h, ASCII for „D‟

MOV SBUF,A ;copy accumulator into SBUF
MOV A,SBUF ;copy SBUF into accumulator
  SCON is an 8-bit register used to
SERIAL program the start bit, stop bit, and data
COMMUNICA- bits of data framing, among other
TION things
PROGRAMMING
SM0 SM1 SM2 REN TB8 RB8 TI RI
SCON Register
SM0 SCON.7 Serial port mode specifier
SM1 SCON.6 Serial port mode specifier
SM2 SCON.5 Used for multiprocessor communication
REN SCON.4 Set/cleared by software to enable/disable reception
TB8 SCON.3 Not widely used
RB8 SCON.2 Not widely used
TI SCON.1 Transmit interrupt flag. Set by HW at the
begin of the stop bit mode 1. And cleared by SW
RI SCON.0 Receive interrupt flag. Set by HW at the
begin of the stop bit mode 1. And cleared by SW

Note: Make SM2, TB8, and RB8 =0

  SM0, SM1
SERIAL
COMMUNICA-  They determine the framing of data by
TION specifying the number of bits per character,
PROGRAMMING and the start and stop bits
SM0 SM1
0 0 Serial Mode 0
SCON Register Serial Mode 1, 8-bit data,
0 1
(cont’) 1 stop bit, 1 start bit
1 0 Serial Mode 2
Only mode 1 is
1 1 Serial Mode 3
of interest to us
 SM2
 This enables the multiprocessing capability
of the 8051
  REN (receive enable)
 It is a bit-adressable register
SERIAL  When it is high, it allows 8051 to receive data on
COMMUNICA- RxD pin
TION  If low, the receiver is disable
PROGRAMMING  TI (transmit interrupt)
 When 8051 finishes the transfer of 8-bit
SCON Register character
(cont’)  It raises TI flag to indicate that it is ready to
transfer another byte
 TI bit is raised at the beginning of the stop bit
 RI (receive interrupt)
 When 8051 receives data serially via RxD, it
gets rid of the start and stop bits and
places the byte in SBUF register
 It raises the RI flag bit to indicate that a byte
has been received and should be picked up
before it is lost
 RI is raised halfway through the stop bit
  In programming the 8051 to transfer
character bytes serially
SERIAL 1. TMOD register is loaded with the value 20H,
COMMUNICA- indicating the use of timer 1 in mode 2 (8-bit
TION auto-reload) to set baud rate
PROGRAMMING 2. The TH1 is loaded with one of the values to
set baud rate for serial data transfer
Programming
3. The SCON register is loaded with the value
Serial Data
50H, indicating serial mode 1, where an 8- bit
Transmitting
data is framed with start and stop bits
4. TR1 is set to 1 to start timer 1
5. TI is cleared by CLR TI instruction
6. The character byte to be transferred
serially is written into SBUF register
7. The TI flag bit is monitored with the use of
instruction JNB TI,xx to see if the character
has been transferred completely
8. To transfer the next byte, go to step 5
 Write a program for the 8051 to transfer letter “A” serially at 4800
SERIAL baud, continuously.
COMMUNICA-
TION Solution:
MOV TMOD,#20H ;timer 1,mode 2(auto reload)
PROGRAMMING MOV TH1,#-6 ;4800 baud rate
MOV SCON,#50H ;8-bit, 1 stop, REN enabled
SETB TR1 ;start timer 1
Programming AGAIN: MOV SBUF,#”A” ;letter “A” to transfer
Serial Data HERE: JNB
CLR
TI,HERE
TI
;wait for the last bit
;clear TI for next char
Transmitting SJMP AGAIN ;keep sending A
(cont’)
 Write a program for the 8051 to transfer “YES” serially at 9600
SERIAL baud, 8-bit data, 1 stop bit, do this continuously
COMMUNICA-
TION Solution:
MOV TMOD,#20H ;timer 1,mode 2(auto reload)
PROGRAMMING MOV TH1,#-3 ;9600 baud rate
MOV SCON,#50H ;8-bit, 1 stop, REN enabled
SETB TR1 ;start timer 1
Programming AGAIN: MOV A,#”Y” ;transfer “Y”
Serial Data ACALL TRANS
MOV A,#”E” ;transfer “E”
Transmitting ACALL TRANS
(cont’) MOV A,#”S” ;transfer “S”
ACALL TRANS
SJMP AGAIN ;keep doing it
;serial data transfer subroutine
TRANS: MOV SBUF,A ;load SBUF
HERE: JNB TI,HERE ;wait for the last bit
CLR TI ;get ready for next byte
RET
  The steps that 8051 goes through in
transmitting a character via TxD
SERIAL
COMMUNICA- 1. The byte character to be transmitted is
TION written into the SBUF register
PROGRAMMING 2. The start bit is transferred
3. The 8-bit character is transferred on bit at a
Importance of time
TI Flag 4. The stop bit is transferred
 It is during the transfer of the stop bit that 8051
raises the TI flag, indicating that the last character
was transmitted
5. By monitoring the TI flag, we make sure
that we are not overloading the SBUF
 If we write another byte into the SBUF before TI
is raised, the untransmitted portion of the
previous byte will be lost
6. After SBUF is loaded with a new byte, the TI
flag bit must be forced to 0 by CLR TI in
order for this new byte to be transferred
  By checking the TI flag bit, we know
SERIAL
COMMUNICA- whether or not the 8051 is ready to
TION transfer another byte
PROGRAMMING  It must be noted that TI flag bit is raised by
8051 itself when it finishes data transfer
Importance of  It must be cleared by the programmer with
TI Flag instruction CLR TI
(cont’)
 If we write a byte into SBUF before the TI
flag bit is raised, we risk the loss of a
portion of the byte being transferred
 The TI bit can be checked by
 The instruction JNB TI,xx
 Using an interrupt
  In programming the 8051 to receive
SERIAL character bytes serially
COMMUNICA- 1. TMOD register is loaded with the value
TION 20H, indicating the use of timer 1 in mode
PROGRAMMING 2 (8-bit auto-reload) to set baud rate
2. TH1 is loaded to set baud rate
Programming
3. The SCON register is loaded with the value
Serial Data
50H, indicating serial mode 1, where an 8-
Receiving
bit data is framed with start and stop bits
4. TR1 is set to 1 to start timer 1
5. RI is cleared by CLR RI instruction
6. The RI flag bit is monitored with the use of
instruction JNB RI,xx to see if an entire
character has been received yet
7. When RI is raised, SBUF has the byte, its
contents are moved into a safe place
8. To receive the next character, go to step 5
 Write a program for the 8051 to receive bytes of data serially, and
SERIAL put them in P1, set the baud rate at 4800, 8-bit data, and 1 stop bit
COMMUNICA-
TION Solution:
MOV TMOD,#20H ;timer 1,mode 2(auto reload)
PROGRAMMING MOV TH1,#-6 ;4800 baud rate
MOV SCON,#50H ;8-bit, 1 stop, REN enabled
SETB TR1 ;start timer 1
Programming HERE: JNB RI,HERE ;wait for char to come in
Serial Data MOV
MOV
A,SBUF
P1,A
;saving incoming byte in A
;send to port 1
Receiving CLR RI ;get ready to receive next
(cont’) ;byte
SJMP HERE ;keep getting data
 Example 10-17
SERIAL PORT Program the 8051 in C to receive bytes of data serially and put them
PROGRAMMING in P1. Set the baud rate at 4800, 8-bit data, and 1 stop bit.

IN C Solution:
#include <reg51.h>
void main(void){
Transmitting unsigned char mybyte;
TMOD=0x20; //use Timer 1, mode 2
and Receiving TH1=0xFA; //4800 baud rate
Data SCON=0x50;
//start timer
TR1=1;
(cont’) while (1) { //repeat forever
while (RI==0); //wait to receive
mybyte=SBUF; //save value
P1=mybyte; //write value to port
RI=0;
}
}