12/12/23, 8:27 AM Embedded Systems - Timer/Counter

Embedded Systems - Timer/Counter

A timer is a specialized type of clock which is used to measure time intervals. A

timer that counts from zero upwards for measuring time elapsed is often called a
stopwatch. It is a device that counts down from a specified time interval and used
to generate a time delay, for example, an hourglass is a timer.

A counter is a device that stores (and sometimes displays) the number of times a
particular event or process occurred, with respect to a clock signal. It is used to
count the events happening outside the microcontroller. In electronics, counters can
be implemented quite easily using register-type circuits such as a flip-flop.

Difference between a Timer and a Counter

The points that differentiate a timer from a counter are as follows −

Timers of 8051 and their Associated Registers

The 8051 has two timers, Timer 0 and Timer 1. They can be used as timers or as
event counters. Both Timer 0 and Timer 1 are 16-bit wide. Since the 8051 follows an
8-bit architecture, each 16 bit is accessed as two separate registers of low-byte and
high-byte.

Timer 0 Register

The 16-bit register of Timer 0 is accessed as low- and high-byte. The low-byte
register is called TL0 (Timer 0 low byte) and the high-byte register is called TH0
(Timer 0 high byte). These registers can be accessed like any other register. For
example, the instruction MOV TL0, #4H moves the value into the low-byte of Timer
#0.

Timer 1 Register

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The 16-bit register of Timer 1 is accessed as low- and high-byte. The low-byte
register is called TL1 (Timer 1 low byte) and the high-byte register is called TH1
(Timer 1 high byte). These registers can be accessed like any other register. For
example, the instruction MOV TL1, #4H moves the value into the low-byte of Timer
1.

TMOD (Timer Mode) Register

Both Timer 0 and Timer 1 use the same register to set the various timer operation
modes. It is an 8-bit register in which the lower 4 bits are set aside for Timer 0 and
the upper four bits for Timers. In each case, the lower 2 bits are used to set the
timer mode in advance and the upper 2 bits are used to specify the location.

Gate − When set, the timer only runs while INT(0,1) is high.

C/T − Counter/Timer select bit.

M1 − Mode bit 1.

M0 − Mode bit 0.

GATE

Every timer has a means of starting and stopping. Some timers do this by software,
some by hardware, and some have both software and hardware controls. 8051
timers have both software and hardware controls. The start and stop of a timer is
controlled by software using the instruction SETB TR1 and CLR TR1 for timer 1, and
SETB TR0 and CLR TR0 for timer 0.

The SETB instruction is used to start it and it is stopped by the CLR instruction.
These instructions start and stop the timers as long as GATE = 0 in the TMOD
register. Timers can be started and stopped by an external source by making GATE =
1 in the TMOD register.
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C/T (CLOCK / TIMER)

This bit in the TMOD register is used to decide whether a timer is used as a delay
generator or an event manager. If C/T = 0, it is used as a timer for timer delay
generation. The clock source to create the time delay is the crystal frequency of the
8051. If C/T = 0, the crystal frequency attached to the 8051 also decides the speed
at which the 8051 timer ticks at a regular interval.

Timer frequency is always 1/12th of the frequency of the crystal attached to the
8051. Although various 8051 based systems have an XTAL frequency of 10 MHz to
40 MHz, we normally work with the XTAL frequency of 11.0592 MHz. It is because
the baud rate for serial communication of the 8051.XTAL = 11.0592 allows the 8051
system to communicate with the PC with no errors.

M1 / M2

Different Modes of Timers

Mode 0 (13-Bit Timer Mode)

Both Timer 1 and Timer 0 in Mode 0 operate as 8-bit counters (with a divide-by-32
prescaler). Timer register is configured as a 13-bit register consisting of all the 8 bits
of TH1 and the lower 5 bits of TL1. The upper 3 bits of TL1 are indeterminate and
should be ignored. Setting the run flag (TR1) does not clear the register. The timer
interrupt flag TF1 is set when the count rolls over from all 1s to all 0s. Mode 0
operation is the same for Timer 0 as it is for Timer 1.

Mode 1 (16-Bit Timer Mode)

Timer mode "1" is a 16-bit timer and is a commonly used mode. It functions in the
same way as 13-bit mode except that all 16 bits are used. TLx is incremented
starting from 0 to a maximum 255. Once the value 255 is reached, TLx resets to 0
and then THx is incremented by 1. As being a full 16-bit timer, the timer may contain
up to 65536 distinct values and it will overflow back to 0 after 65,536 machine
cycles.

Mode 2 (8 Bit Auto Reload)

Both the timer registers are configured as 8-bit counters (TL1 and TL0) with
automatic reload. Overflow from TL1 (TL0) sets TF1 (TF0) and also reloads TL1 (TL0)
with the contents of Th1 (TH0), which is preset by software. The reload leaves TH1
(TH0) unchanged.

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The benefit of auto-reload mode is that you can have the timer to always contain a
value from 200 to 255. If you use mode 0 or 1, you would have to check in the code
to see the overflow and, in that case, reset the timer to 200. In this case, precious
instructions check the value and/or get reloaded. In mode 2, the microcontroller
takes care of this. Once you have configured a timer in mode 2, you don't have to
worry about checking to see if the timer has overflowed, nor do you have to worry
about resetting the value because the microcontroller hardware will do it all for you.
The auto-reload mode is used for establishing a common baud rate.

Mode 3 (Split Timer Mode)

Timer mode "3" is known as split-timer mode. When Timer 0 is placed in mode 3,
it becomes two separate 8-bit timers. Timer 0 is TL0 and Timer 1 is TH0. Both the
timers count from 0 to 255 and in case of overflow, reset back to 0. All the bits that
are of Timer 1 will now be tied to TH0.

When Timer 0 is in split mode, the real Timer 1 (i.e. TH1 and TL1) can be set in
modes 0, 1 or 2, but it cannot be started/stopped as the bits that do that are now
linked to TH0. The real timer 1 will be incremented with every machine cycle.

Initializing a Timer

Decide the timer mode. Consider a 16-bit timer that runs continuously, and is
independent of any external pins.

Initialize the TMOD SFR. Use the lowest 4 bits of TMOD and consider Timer 0. Keep
the two bits, GATE 0 and C/T 0, as 0, since we want the timer to be independent of
the external pins. As 16-bit mode is timer mode 1, clear T0M1 and set T0M0.
Effectively, the only bit to turn on is bit 0 of TMOD. Now execute the following
instruction −

MOV TMOD,#01h

Now, Timer 0 is in 16-bit timer mode, but the timer is not running. To start the timer
in running mode, set the TR0 bit by executing the following instruction −

SETB TR0

Now, Timer 0 will immediately start counting, being incremented once every
machine cycle.

Reading a Timer
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A 16-bit timer can be read in two ways. Either read the actual value of the timer as a
16-bit number, or you detect when the timer has overflowed.

Detecting Timer Overflow

When a timer overflows from its highest value to 0, the microcontroller automatically
sets the TFx bit in the TCON register. So instead of checking the exact value of the
timer, the TFx bit can be checked. If TF0 is set, then Timer 0 has overflowed; if TF1
is set, then Timer 1 has overflowed.

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