Motivation and Emotion: Psychology

Chapter 9
Motivation and Emotion
psychology
fourth edition
Psychology, Fourth Edition Copyright ©2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
Saundra K. Ciccarelli • J. Noland White All rights reserved.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
• What is Motivation?
• What motivates people?
• What is Emotion?
• How do emotions occur?
Psychology, Third Edition Copyright © 2015, 2012, 2008 by Pearson Education, Inc.
What is Motivation?
Motivation
LO 9.1 Instinct and Drive-Reduction Approaches to Motivation
• Motivation: the process by which activities are

started, directed, and continued so that physical
or psychological needs or wants are met
– extrinsic motivation: a person performs an action
because it leads to an outcome that is separate from
or external to the person
– intrinsic motivation: a person performs an action
because the act is fun, challenging, or satisfying in an
internal manner
ISLAMIC OVERVIEW
• Man is created by Allah with dual nature (biological body and
spiritual entity)
• That is why man has two types of motive: primary motives
(biologically-based) and secondary motives (psychospiritually-
based)
• Emotions can be influenced by shaytanic whisperings and lust; or
influenced by angelic whisperings and iman
• When reading about motivation and emotion, be aware that there is
a big difference between facts (i.e. people has various types of
motives and emotions) and theories (i.e. why people feel motivated
or feel emotions)
• The most powerful motivator is the spiritual motive of iman to attain
Allah’s pleasure and the spiritual emotion to be closer to Him
• See also 30: 30
What motivates people?
Instinct Approaches to Motivation
LO Instinct and Drive-Reduction Approaches to Motivation
• Instincts: the biologically determined and

innate patterns of behavior that exist in
both people and animals
• Instinct approach: approach to motivation
that assumes people are governed by
instincts similar to those of animals
Drive-Reduction Theory of Motivation
• Need: a requirement of some

material (such as food or water) that
is essential for survival of the
organism
• Drive: a psychological tension and
physical arousal arising when there is
a need that motivates the organism to
act in order to fulfill the need and
reduce the tension
• Drive-reduction theory: assumes behavior

arises from physiological needs that cause
internal drives to push the organism to
satisfy the need and reduce tension and
arousal
• Primary drives: involve needs of the body

such as hunger and thirst
• Acquired (secondary) drives: learned
through experience or conditioning, such
as the need for money or social approval
• Homeostasis: the tendency of the body to
maintain a steady state
Figure 9.1 Homeostasis
In homeostasis, the body maintains balance in the body’s physical states. For example, this diagram shows how
increased hunger (a state of imbalance) prompts a person to eat. Eating increases the level of glucose (blood sugar),
causing the feelings of hunger to reduce. After a period without eating, the glucose levels become low enough to
stimulate the hunger drive once again, and the entire cycle is repeated.
Contributions of Muslim Scholars
• Ibn Taimiyyah had proposed the same
category of motives: (1) primary (al-
awwaliyyah): which is essential for human
survival and (2) secondary (al-
thanawiyyah): which is not related to
human survival.
• Ibn Taimiyyah (and also al-Ghazali) gave
examples of primary motives - needs for
food, water, healthy temperature, rest, and
sex; whereas secondary motives are other
motives
Three Types of Needs
LO 9.2 Three Types of Needs
• Need for achievement (nAch):

involves a strong desire to succeed
in attaining goals—not only realistic
ones, but also challenging ones
• Need for affiliation (nAff): the need
for friendly social interactions and
relationships with others
• Need for power (nPow): the need to
have control or influence over others
Arousal Approach to Motivation
LO 9.3 Arousal and Incentive Approaches to Motivation
• Stimulus motive: a motive that appears to

be unlearned but causes an increase in
stimulation, such as curiosity
• Arousal theory: theory of motivation in
which people are said to have an optimal
(best or ideal) level of tension that they
seek to maintain by increasing or
decreasing stimulation
Arousal Approach to Motivation
• Yerkes-Dodson law: law stating performance is

related to arousal; moderate levels of arousal
lead to better performance than do levels of
arousal that are too low or too high
– This effect varies with the difficulty of the task
 easy tasks require a high-moderate level
 more difficult tasks require a low-moderate level
• Sensation seeker: one who needs more arousal
than the average person
Figure 9.2 Arousal and Performance
The optimal level of arousal for task performance depends on the difficulty of the task. We generally perform easy tasks
well if we are at a high–moderate level of arousal (green) and accomplish difficult tasks well if we are at a low–
moderate level (red).
Incentive Approaches to Motivation
• Incentives: things that attract or lure

people into action
• Incentive approaches: theories of
motivation in which behavior is explained
as a response to the external stimulus and
its rewarding properties
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
LO 9.4 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Self-actualization: the point at which

people have sufficiently satisfied the lower
needs and achieved their full human
potential
– seldom reached
• Peak experiences: times in a person’s life
during which self-actualization is
temporarily achieved
Figure 9.3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Maslow proposed that human beings must fulfill the more basic needs, such as physical and security needs, before
being able to fulfill the higher needs of self-actualization and transcendence.
Self-Determination Theory of Motivation
LO 9.4 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
• Self-determination theory (SDT): the social context of an

action has an effect on the type of motivation existing for
the action
• 3 inborn/universal needs
– Autonomy
– Competence
– Relatedness
• Intrinsic motivation: type of motivation in which a person
performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or
satisfying in some internal manner
What is Emotion?
Elements of Emotion
LO 9.7 Three Elements of Emotion
• Emotion: the “feeling” aspect of

consciousness characterized by:
– certain physical arousal
– certain behavior that reveals the emotion to
the outside world
– inner awareness of feelings
Elements of Emotion
• The Physiology of Emotion

– E.g. adrenalin rush, heartbeats and etc
• The Behaviour of Emotion
– Facial expressions can vary across different cultures
– seem to be universal
– display rules
• The Labeling of Emotion
– Interpreting the subjective feeling by giving it a label
Figure 9.6 Facial Expressions of Emotion
Facial expressions appear to be universal. For example, these faces are consistently interpreted as showing (a) anger,
(b) fear, (c) disgust, (d) happiness, (e) surprise, and (f) sadness by people of various cultures from all over the world.
Although the situations that cause these emotions may differ from culture to culture, the expression of particular
emotions remains strikingly the same.
How do emotions occur?
Common Sense Theory of Emotion
• Common sense theory of emotion: a

stimulus leads to an emotion, which then
leads to bodily arousal
James-Lange Theory of Emotion
LO 9.8 James-Lange and Cannon-Bard Theories of Emotion
• James-Lange theory of emotion: a

physiological reaction leads to the labeling
of an emotion
Cannon-Bard Theory of Emotion
LO 9.8 James-Lange and Cannon-Bard Theories of Emotion
• Cannon-Bard theory of emotion: the

physiological reaction and the emotion are
assumed to occur at the same time
Cognitive Arousal Theory of Emotion
LO 9.9 Cognitive Arousal Theory, Facial Feedback Hypothesis and Cognitive-Mediational Theory
• Cognitive arousal theory: both the physical

arousal and the labeling of that arousal
based on cues from the environment must
occur before the emotion is experienced
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
• Facial feedback hypothesis: facial

expressions provide feedback to the brain
concerning the emotion being expressed,
which in turn causes and intensifies the
emotion
Cognitive Mediational Theory
• Cognitive-mediational theory: a stimulus

must be interpreted (appraised) by a
person in order to result in a physical
response and an emotional reaction
Figure 9.13 Comparison of Theories of Emotion
Figure 9.13 Comparison of Theories of Emotion (Cont’d)
END OF CHAPTER 9
• Questions?

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Chapter 9

Motivation and Emotion

• Motivation: the process by which activities are

• Instincts: the biologically determined and

• Need: a requirement of some

• Drive-reduction theory: assumes behavior

• Primary drives: involve needs of the body

• Need for achievement (nAch):

• Stimulus motive: a motive that appears to

• Yerkes-Dodson law: law stating performance is

• Incentives: things that attract or lure

• Self-actualization: the point at which

• Self-determination theory (SDT): the social context of an

• Emotion: the “feeling” aspect of

• The Physiology of Emotion

• Common sense theory of emotion: a

• James-Lange theory of emotion: a

• Cannon-Bard theory of emotion: the

• Cognitive arousal theory: both the physical

• Facial feedback hypothesis: facial

• Cognitive-mediational theory: a stimulus

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