6 Temporary Structures

TEMPORARY
STRUCTURES
SCAFFOLDING
AGENDA
 INTRODUCTION
 COURSE OBJECTIVES
 SCAFFOLDS
 TERMINOLOGIES
 TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
 BASIC SCAFFOLD REQUIREMENTS
 SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE
INTRODUCTION
1. Scaffolding is one of the highest

risk occupations in this country.
2. Accident tolls linked with

scaffolds are ranges from serious
injury to fatality.
INTRODUCTION
3. Consequently, it is imperative
that various workers, i.e..
Scaffolders, Scaffold Users,
Foremen, Site Supervisors,
Project Managers, etc. be
trained for safety & practical
scaffolding. This will definitely
reduce or prevent the
occurrence of potential
hazards from scaffold.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
1. To learn the basic safety

requirements of scaffolding
2. To provide and maintain a safe
working place for the users of
scaffolding.
3. To achieve zero LTI/LTA.
TERMINOLOGIES
 SCAFFOLD- is an elevated
working platform for supporting
both personnel and materials. It
is a temporary structure…
 SCAFFOLDER: A person engaged
in erecting, altering or
dismantling scaffolding.
TERMINOLOGIES
 SCAFFOLDING EQUIPMENT: Any

component, assembly or machine used
or intended to be used for the
construction of scaffolding.
 SLUNG SCAFFOLD: A hung scaffold
 TUBE AND COUPLER SCAFFOLDING: A
scaffold of which the standards,
ledgers, braces and ties are circular
tubes that are joined together by
means of purpose designed couplers.
TERMINOLOGIES
 SOLE PLATE- a timber or

other member of adequate
size and suitable quality
used to distribute the load
from the base plate over an
area of ground, floor joist,
etc.
TERMINOLOGIES
 ADJUSTABLE BASE PLATE- a
base plate used for
compensating variations in
ground level. Sometimes the
base plate is nailed or pinned
to a sole board to stop lateral
movement.
 LEDGERS (Runners)- are
horizontal tubes that connect
and support the standards
and act as support for
transom.
TERMINOLOGIES
 LEDGER BRACING- tubes

secured diagonally between
lifts from ledger to ledger or
standard to standard to
ensure stability.
 TRANSOM (Bearer) - a tube
spanning across ledgers to
tie a scaffold transversely,
which may also support a
working platform.
TERMINOLOGIES
 STANDARD (Post) - a tube

used as a column or vertical
in the construction of a
scaffold, & transmitting a
load to the ground via a
Base Plate.
 BRACE- a tube diagonally
across two or more
members to afford stability.
TERMINOLOGIES
 TOE BOARD- a plank

positioned at the edge of a
platform or place so as to
prevent workers, tools and
materials falling from the
platform or place.
 MIDRAIL- a tube secured to
standards midway between
guardrail and platform
TERMINOLOGIES
 GUARDRAIL- a tube erected

at the edge of platform and
other places to prevent
persons falling from the
platform or place.
 COUPLER (CLAMP)- a fitting
used to connect scaffolding
tubes together.
TERMINOLOGIES
 SWAY BRACE- a tube

secured diagonally across
the face of a scaffold to
ensure stability.
 DECKING- close-boarded
scaffold platform.
 TIE- a tube used to connect
a scaffold to a rigid
anchorage.
TERMINOLOGIES
 JOINT PIN- also known as a

spigot. Used for connecting two
tubes end to end.
 FIX CLAMP(coupler) – used to
connect two tubes (ledger to
standard or transom to standard)
 SWIVEL CLAMP (coupler) – use to
connect two tubes for bracing
(standard to standard or ledger to
ledger)
FIXED CLAMPS
TERMINOLOGIES
 OUTRIGGER - The structural

member of a supported scaffold
used to increase the base width
of a scaffold in order to provide
support for and increased
stability of the scaffold
TYPES OF SCAFFOLDING
 Tube & Coupler Scaffold
 System Scaffolds
 Tubular Welded Frame Scaffold (H-
Frame)
 Others
 Rolling/Mobile Scaffold
 Trestle Scaffold
 Bamboo Scaffold
 Timber Scaffold
 Suspended Scaffold
 Slung Scaffold
 Suspended Scaffold (Gondola)
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
 Materials
 Foundations
 Ties
 Working Platform
 Guardrails / Toe boards
 Access
 Workmanship
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
MATERIALS
 Materials to be used in
erecting scaffolding should
be in good condition.
 Steel items should be free
from rusts and defects.
 Mandatory inspection by
experienced and competent
person to all materials
before use.
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
SCAFFOLD TUBES
 Tubes should be
manufactured & tested.
 3 main types:
 Black Steel Tubes
 Galvanized Steel Tubes
 Aluminum Alloy Tubes
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
 Both black steel and

Galvanized steel tubes
possess the same
properties except
galvanized tubes are more
resistant to corrosion.
 Aluminum tube has the
same outside diameter as
steel but is slightly thicker
and much lighter.
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
SCAFFOLD TUBES INSPECTION

 Straight
 Free from cracks splits, had
dents & excessive corrosion
 Cut square & clean at each
end
 Common faults (damage)
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
SCAFFOLD TUBE STORAGE

 Wherever possible tubes
should be sorted according to
length & stored in racks with
their ends flush or protected.
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
SCAFFOLD BOARDS:
 Cat Walk
 Timber Boards
 Timber boards come in 3
thickness, 38mm, 50mm &
63mm & are normally 225mm
wide & 3.90m long.
 Shorter boards are used when
necessary.
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
STORAGE
 SCAFFOLD FITTINGS:
 Should be sorted by type and
kept clean and dry in strong
sacks, lightly oiled to prevent
rust.
 Experienced and competent
person before use should
inspect scaffolds fitting.
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
 Any broken or damage fittings

should be discarded.
 Rusty threads (if not
defective) should be wires
brushed and lightly oiled.
MANAGEMENT OF MATERIALS:
 Should be delivered to site
when required only!
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
 Should be removed and

stored when the job is
finished!
 Ensure correct amounts and
types of materials arrive on
site.
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
FOUNDATIONS:
 The foot of any standards or
upright should be
adequately founded on a
suitable base plate in order
to prevent slipping or
sinking.
 Soil compaction.
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
Sole plates;
 Firm Ground- 500mm long x
225mm width x 35mm thick
 Soft Ground – 765mm long
x 225mm width x 35mm
thick
 Under 2 Stds.-1.55m long x
225mm width x 35mm thick
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
TIES
 It is essential that every
scaffold should be securely
tied to the building
structure throughout its
entire length to prevent
movement of the scaffold.
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
RULES OF THUMB.
 Space ties every other lift
and every 6M along the face
of the scaffold.
 Ties should be fixed with
load bearing couplers, as
close to the node point as
possible.
 Avoid the use of reveal ties
where possible.
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
RULES OF THUMB.
 Take full advantage of any
structural features of the
buildings e.g. pillars,
columns, lintels, rebates, etc.
to provide additional
strength and stability to the
tie.
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
RULES OF THUMB.
 Make sure that the building
is strong enough to support
the tie and the load imposed
on it by the scaffold.
 Do not remove tie for any
reason until the overall
stability of the scaffold has
been confirmed.
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
RULES OF THUMB.
 Dismantle first the last item installed and

the last to dismantle is the first item
installed.
 Braces should be removed last in every
lift.
 Stairs and planks should be guarded by
guardrail and midrails.
 Working platform should have toe boards
in all edges.
BASIC SCAFFOLD
REQUIREMENTS
Do not use swivel coupler (clamp)

connections at transom to
standard and ledger to standard
and other 90 degree connections.
Use only fixed coupler (clamp) for
stability of structure. Swivel clamp
is to be use only at diagonal
braces.
SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE
 Scafftag is an internationally
used scaffold safety system
and through its simplicity,
encourage and controls the
safety scaffolding and of
those who erect or dismantle
and use it.
SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE
 The “Scafftag Safety System”

shall be used as a visual
warning system to display the
status (i.e. safe vs. unsafe )
of scaffolding.
SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE
 As soon as the erection of a

scaffold is completed and
before it is put in use, an
inspection shall be carried out
by the Safety Engineer /
Inspector with particular
attention to:
 Condition of the components
used
 Place where it is erected
SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE
 Signs indicating its presence

and danger that it may
occur
 Solidity of the base
 Loading and maximum
number of person permitted
to use
SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE
 Should the scaffolding has

passed for use. A green
Scafftag will be affixed
restricted to the purpose for
it was erected.
SCAFFTAG PROCEDURE
 Should the scaffold present

any danger, then a red tag
shall be attached to all its
access points. Only trained
personnel (Scaffolder) will
be allowed to climb the
scaffold for repair /
certification work.
WHEN TO RE-INSPECT
Re-inspection!
 After repair.
 After severe weather condition.
 After modification/alteration.
 After an incident that affect the
scaffold structure or the building
itself where the scaffold erected and
tied.
 When there is a signs that the
structure needs to re-inspect.
SCAFFTAG SAMPLES

6 Temporary Structures

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What are the basic requirements for scaffolding?

What are the basic requirements for scaffolding?

What are some common scaffolding terminologies mentioned?

What are some common scaffolding terminologies mentioned?

TEMPORARY

1. Scaffolding is one of the highest

2. Accident tolls linked with

1. To learn the basic safety

 SCAFFOLDING EQUIPMENT: Any

 SOLE PLATE- a timber or

 LEDGER BRACING- tubes

 STANDARD (Post) - a tube

 TOE BOARD- a plank

 GUARDRAIL- a tube erected

 SWAY BRACE- a tube

 JOINT PIN- also known as a

 OUTRIGGER - The structural

 Both black steel and

SCAFFOLD TUBES INSPECTION

SCAFFOLD TUBE STORAGE

 Any broken or damage fittings

 Should be removed and

 Dismantle first the last item installed and

Do not use swivel coupler (clamp)

 The “Scafftag Safety System”

 As soon as the erection of a

 Signs indicating its presence

 Should the scaffolding has

 Should the scaffold present

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