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    Introduction To GIS: - What Is GIS? - What Are GIS Components?

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    Ghulam Din mahar
    Gis

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    Introduction To GIS: - What Is GIS? - What Are GIS Components?

    Uploaded by

    Ghulam Din mahar
    169 views33 pages
    Gis

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    Gis

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    Gis

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    169 views33 pages

    Introduction To GIS: - What Is GIS? - What Are GIS Components?

    Uploaded by

    Ghulam Din mahar
    Gis

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 33

    Introduction to GIS

    • What is GIS?
    • What are GIS Components?
    Geography has always been important for
    discovery, planning, commerce and defense for
    the past 3000 years

    Spatial information is more important


    GIS helps us gather and use spatial data
    Geographic Information Systems

    • Definition:
    – A computer-based system to aid in the collection,
    maintenance, storage, analysis, output, and
    distribution of spatial data and information (Bolstad
    2002)

    – Key to this definition:


    • Absolute and relative location of features
    • Properties and attributes of features
    GIS will give us the location of MT. Everest and height
    that is gathered from satellites or other remote sensing
    instruments.
    We can view other info as well, temperatures,
    snowfall, or climbing routes, this can be stored and
    visualized using GIS

    The user decides what info is important.


    A Forestry manager and International paper would
    use the same baseline map of a forest but would be
    interested in very different information
    Forestry manager would want to know buffer
    strips near rivers to protect water supply, areas for
    clearing or needs for control burns downwind air
    pollution
    International paper, wants to maximize growth and
    yield from a acre of land
    GIS used in Hurricane Katrina modeling for flood danger before, during
    and after storm.
    Levee construction and progress monitored using GIS

    GIS used during rescue efforts


    Hurricane Katrina
    Other Applications

    • Risk assessment
    – Natural disasters, disease infection, etc.
    • Transportation systems
    – Highways and interstates, subway and bus routes
    • Infrastructure
    – Power grids, sewage, water and gas lines
    • Natural resource management
    Geographic Information System

    • Resolution can vary:


    – Detailed:
    • Location of buildings in a city
    • Individual trees in a forest
    – Coarse
    • Population of the Eastern seaboard
    • Depths of the Atlantic ocean
    Who does GIS?

    GIS
    Scientist:
    writes algorithms

    Increasing Skill Level


    GIS Specialist/
    GIS Analyst: designs projects

    GIS Technician:
    works under the direction of a GIS Specialist

    Ancillary GIS Duties: Police and Fire Depts., NGOs,


    City Planning, Resource Management, Marketing/Business

    General Public: GIS in cars, UPS, Elections in Florida


    Who uses GIS?

    • Public organizations
    – Police and fire dispatch and routes
    – Utilities (gas, cable, and water lines)
    – Tax assessment and property records
    – Land management
    GIS Applications

    •Scientists
    –Endangered species
    –Animal tracking and
    migration
    –Fisheries management

    •NOAA live maps


    •Try a GIS Map
    NOAA Mako shark track
    GIS functions

    • Capture
    • Store
    • Query
    • Analyze
    • Display
    • Output
    Capture : Paper maps, digital data, coordinates,
    gps, all together = gis data
    Store : Vector (database consisting of points, lines
    and polygons) or raster formats (grid cells or
    pixels)
    Query : Identifying specific features (what country
    is this), identify features based on conditions
    (counties with population greater than 500,000)
    Analyze : Proximity (parcels 100 feet from the
    road), overlay, network analysis (how linear
    features are connected
    Display : Maps, graphs, reports
    Output : Paper maps, internet, document (.mxd),
    image
    GIS Components

    • Five key components of GIS:


    – Hardware
    – Software
    – Data
    – People
    – Method
    Hardware
    It consists of the computer system on which the GIS
    software will run. The choice of hardware system
    range from 300MHz Personal Computers to Super
    Computers having capability in Tera FLOPS. The
    computer forms the backbone of the GIS hardware,
    which gets it's input through the Scanner or a
    digitizer board. Scanner converts a picture into a
    digital image for further processing. The output of
    scanner can be stored in many formats e.g. TIFF,
    BMP, JPG etc. A digitizer board is flat board used
    for vectorisation of a given map objects. Printers
    and plotters are the most common output devices
    for a GIS hardware setup.
    Hardware
    Software
    GIS software provides the functions and tools needed
    to store, analyze, and display geographic information.
    GIS softwares in use are MapInfo, ARC/Info,
    AutoCAD Map, etc. The software available can be
    said to be application specific. When the low cost GIS
    work is to be carried out desktop MapInfo is the
    suitable option. It is easy to use and supports many
    GIS feature. If the user intends to carry out extensive
    analysis on GIS, ARC/Info is the preferred option. For
    the people using AutoCAD and willing to step into
    GIS, AutoCAD Map is a good option.
    Software
     Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI)
     Intergraph Corporation
     Autodesk
     Caliper: GIS Software, Mapping Software
    Data
    Geographic data and related tabular data can be
    collected in-house or purchased from a commercial
    data provider. The digital map forms the basic data
    input for GIS. Tabular data related to the map objects
    can also be attached to the digital data. A GIS will
    integrate spatial data with other data resources and
    can even use a DBMS, used by most organization to
    maintain their data, to manage spatial data.
    People

    GIS users range from technical specialists who


    design and maintain the system to those who use it
    to help them perform their everyday work. The
    people who useGIS can be broadly classified into
    two classes. The CAD/GIS operator, whose work is
    to vectorise the map objects. The use of this
    vectorised data to perform query, analysis or any
    other work is the responsibility of a GIS
    engineer/user.
    Method

    And above all a successful GIS operates according to


    a well-designed plan and business rules, which are
    the models and operating practices unique to each
    organization. There are various techniques used for
    map creation and further usage for any project. The
    map creation can either be automated raster to
    vector creator or it can be manually vectorised using
    the scanned images. The source of these digital
    maps can be either map prepared by any survey
    agency or satellite imagery.
    Supporting Technologies and Disciplines
     Geography
     Cartography-art of map making
     Remote Sensing
     Photogrammetry
     Surveying
     Geodesy
     Statistics
     Computer Science
     Math
    ESRI
     ESRI is the world leader in GIS software
     Homepage
     Training
     ArcGIS Desktop
     ArcView (Basic)
     ArcEditor (Standard)
     ArcInfo (Advanced)
     …….and desktop extensions (i.e.: spatial analyst)
    A history of products
    Arc/Info ArcGIS

    Arc ArcGIS Desktop

    ArcMap
    ArcPlot
    ArcView 3x ArcCatalog
    ArcEdit

    Info/Tables ArcToolbox

    GRID
    ArcInfo Workstation

    Coverages Shapefiles Geodatabases


    Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H.
    Price
    1-27
    ArcGIS Desktop
    ArcGIS Desktop

    ArcCatalog

    ArcMap

    ArcToolbox

    Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H.


    Price
    1-29
    ArcGIS functionality
    Same interface and
    programs
    More tools in the
    $Basic toolbox

    $$Standard

    $$$Advanced

    Three levels of functionality and cost


    Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H.
    Price
    1-30
    ArcGIS Extensions
     Spatial Analyst  Extensions are additional tools
     3D Analyst and commands that can be added
     Publisher/ArcReader to the core ArcGIS interface
     Network Analyst
     Maplex
     Appear as new toolbars and
     Geostatistical Analyst
    toolsets in ArcCatalog

    Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H.


    Price
    1-31
    Licensing
     Floating point licenses
     ArcInfo only
     Central server checks out licenses
     Requires a dongle and a license file
     Standalone licenses
     Uses a registration file/ register online
     No dongle needed
     Available for ArcView and ArcEditor only

    Copyright © 2006 by Maribeth H.


    Price
    1-32
    THANKS
    SHAKER UL DIN RAHIMOON
    sdrahimoon@gmail.com
    shaker16@lzu.edu.cn

    INSTITUTE OF REMOTE SENSIING AND GIS


    COLLEGE OF EARTH & ENVIRONMNETAL SCIENCES
    LANZHOU UNIVERSITY, P.R. CHINA

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