Petroleum System

1
PRESENTATION TOPIC
“Petroleum System”
Prepared by:
SAMEEN TAHIR
(SEMESTER 6)
Presented To :
SHAHID-UL-KHAIRI
petroleum geology(GEO-345)
Contents
 Origin of petroleum
 Sedimentary Basin
 Introduction (petroleum system)
 Elements and processes
 Source rock
– Types of source rock
 Time of generation
 Migration
– Primary migration
– Secondary migration
 Accumulation
 Reservoir
 Trap
– Types of trap
 Seal
 References
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ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM
• Petroleum is formed from the organic matter.
– phytoplankton's
– Algae (animals).
– land plants on the coast .
• The organic matter is buried under the layer of the

sediment brought by the rivers and deposited in the sea.
• The organic matter decays during the time the thick layers
of Sediments are piled upon it.
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ORIGIN OF PETROLEUM
Organic-rich Thermally Matured

Source Rock Organic Matter Oil
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Sedimentary Basin
• Sedimentary basin are large subsiding depressions
filled with thick sequence of sedimentary rocks.
These depressions result from the compression or
extension of tectonic plates of the earth.
• There are around 600 sedimentary basins in the

world, only 40% are producing.
• Petroleum is found in the sedimentary basins.
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Sedimentary Basin
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Introduction of Petroleum System
The petroleum system is a unifying concept that encompasses
all of the disparate elements and processes of petroleum
geology. Practical application of petroleum systems can be
used in exploration, resource evaluation, and research.
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Petroleum system
Elements and Processes
ELEMENTS PROCESSES
Source rock Generation
Reservoir rock Migration
Seal rock Accumulation
Over burden rock Trap formation
A petroleum system exists wherever all these essential elements and

processes are known to occur or are thought to have a reasonable chance
or probability to occur.
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Schematic diagram showing petroleum
system elements and processes 10
Source Rock
In petroleum geology, source rock
refers to rocks from which
hydrocarbons have been generated or
are capable of being generated. They
form one of the necessary elements
of a working petroleum system.
Shale rock
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Source Rock
Source rocks are classified from the types of kerogen that they
contain, which in turn governs the type of hydrocarbons that
will be generated.
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Maturation Process
Organic matter is first changed
by the increase in temperature
into kerogen, which is a solid
form of hydrocarbon.
Around 90°C, it is changed into

a liquid state, which we call oil.
Around 150°C, it is changed

into a gas.
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Time of Generation
Generation depends on three main factors:
• the presence of organic matter rich enough to yield
hydrocarbons,
• adequate temperature,
• and sufficient time to bring the source rock to maturity.
• Pressure and the presence of bacteria and catalysts also
affect generation.
• Generation is a critical phase in the development of a
petroleum system.
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Migration
Movement of petroleum from source rock toward a
reservoir or seep.
Migration is of two types :
• Primary migration: expulsion of petroleum from fine-grained
source rock, or the process of loss of hydrocarbon from the source
rock.
• Secondary migration: moves petroleum through a coarse-
grained carrier bed or fault to a reservoir or seep or Migration from
source to reservoir along a simple or complex carrier system.
Includes migration within the reservoir rock itself.
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Migration
Diagram showing primary and secondary migration
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Accumulation
The phase in the development of a petroleum system
during which hydrocarbons migrate into and remain
trapped in a reservoir.
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Reservoir
• A reservoir is a rock that has potential to retain and yield
HC.
• Petroleum reservoirs are broadly classified as conventional
and unconventional reservoirs.
• Oil and gas generated in the source rock must be expelled
out and migrate to a porous and permeable rock where it
can be stored.
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Diagram showing porosity and permeability 19
Trap
• A configuration of rocks suitable for containing hydrocarbons and
sealed by a relatively impermeable formation through which
hydrocarbons will not migrate.
• The timing of trap formation relative to that of petroleum
generation and migration is crucial to ensuring a reservoir can form.
• Petroleum geologists broadly classify traps into three categories

that are based on their geological characteristics.
– the structural trap
– the stratigraphic trap and
– combination trap
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Trap
Structural trap Stratigraphic trap 21

Trap
Combination trap
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Trap
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Seal
A relatively impermeable rock that forms a barrier, cap or
seal above and around reservoir rock so that fluids
cannot migrate beyond the reservoir. The permeability of
a cap rock must equal to zero.
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Conclusion
Petroleum System 25
References
• Magoon, L. B., and W. G. Dow, 1994, The petroleum system: From source to
trap: AAPG Memoir 60, 655 p.
• Hyne N.J. (2001). Nontechnical Guide to Petroleum Geology, Exploration,
Drilling, and Production. PennWell Books. p. 164. ISBN 9780878148233.
• http://www.landforms.eu/orkney/Geology/Oil/OIL%20petroleum%20system
.htm
• Magoon, Leslie B. "The petroleum system—a classification scheme for
research, exploration, and resource assessment." Petroleum Systems of the
United States. US Geological Survey Bulletin 1870 (1988): 2-15.
• Peters, Kenneth E., David J. Curry, and Marek Kacewicz, 2012, An overview
of basin and petroleum system modeling: Definitions and
concepts, in Peters, Kenneth E., David J. Curry, and Marek Kacewicz, eds.,
Basin modeling: New horizons in research and applications: AAPG Hedberg
Series no. 4, p. 1-16.
• Yergin, Daniel (1991). The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money, and Power.
New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-671-50248-4.
• Gluyas, J; Swarbrick, R (2004). Petroleum Geoscience. Blackwell
Publishing. ISBN 978-0-632-03767-4. 26
Thank You
Any Questions?
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1

• The organic matter is buried under the layer of the

Organic-rich Thermally Matured

• There are around 600 sedimentary basins in the

• Petroleum is found in the sedimentary basins.

A petroleum system exists wherever all these essential elements and

Around 90°C, it is changed into

Around 150°C, it is changed

Diagram showing primary and secondary migration

• Petroleum geologists broadly classify traps into three categories

Structural trap Stratigraphic trap 21

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