Distance relays are commonly used to protect transmission lines. They provide faster fault clearing than overcurrent relays. There are different types of distance relays including impedance, reactance, and admittance relays. Impedance relays measure the ratio of voltage to current, which represents impedance, and trip if the impedance is below a preset value. This allows them to detect faults along the transmission line. Distance protection can provide both primary and backup protection in a single scheme.
Distance relays are commonly used to protect transmission lines. They provide faster fault clearing than overcurrent relays. There are different types of distance relays including impedance, reactance, and admittance relays. Impedance relays measure the ratio of voltage to current, which represents impedance, and trip if the impedance is below a preset value. This allows them to detect faults along the transmission line. Distance protection can provide both primary and backup protection in a single scheme.
Distance relays are commonly used to protect transmission lines. They provide faster fault clearing than overcurrent relays. There are different types of distance relays including impedance, reactance, and admittance relays. Impedance relays measure the ratio of voltage to current, which represents impedance, and trip if the impedance is below a preset value. This allows them to detect faults along the transmission line. Distance protection can provide both primary and backup protection in a single scheme.
Distance relays are commonly used to protect transmission lines. They provide faster fault clearing than overcurrent relays. There are different types of distance relays including impedance, reactance, and admittance relays. Impedance relays measure the ratio of voltage to current, which represents impedance, and trip if the impedance is below a preset value. This allows them to detect faults along the transmission line. Distance protection can provide both primary and backup protection in a single scheme.
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DISTANCE OR IMPEDENCE RELAY
DISTANCE PROTECTION SCHEME
Distance protection is comparatively
simple to apply and it can be fast in operation for faults located along most of a protected circuit. It can also provide both primary and remote back-up functions in a single scheme. It can easily be adapted to create a unit protection scheme when applied with a signalling channel. Why distance relays are used? Distance protection is very commonly used in protection of transmission lines. Distance relays are used where overcurrenting relaying is too slow and is not so selective. Distance relays are used for both phase fault and ground fault protection and they provide higher speeds for clearing faults than overcurrent relays. Why is distance protection necessary? The protection of transmission line from any type of fault is very important because any mis-operation or mal- operation of protection relays can give a great effect on the stability of power system entirely. One of the main protection used to protect transmission line is distance or impedance relay. DISTANCE OR IMPEDENCE!! •Distance relays finds its application in transmission systems. •The functioning of this relay depends upon the distance of fault in the line . •Particularly impedance between the point of fault and the point where relay is installed. •Since impedance proportional to distance(length) , it is also known as impedance relay. DISTANCE RELAY OPERATING CURVE Types of distance relays 1.Impedance Relay. 2.Admittance Relay. 3.Reactance Relay. TYPES OF DISTANCE RELAYS: Dependent on the ratio of V and I there are three types of distance relays which are, 1.Impedance relay which is based on measurement of impedance Z. 2.Reactance relay which is based on measurement of reactance X. 3.Admittance or mho relay which is based on measurement of component of admittance Y. TYPES: There are mainly two types of distance relay. • Definite distance relay • Time distance relay
DEFINITE DISTANCE RELAY:
This is simply a variety of balanced beam relay.Here one beam is placed horizontally and supported by hinge on the middle.One end of the beam is pulled downwards by magnetic force of current coil fed from current transformer.Due to torque produced by these two downward forces,the beam stays at an equilibrium position.The torque due to voltage coil serves as restraining torque and torque due to current coil serves as deflecting torque. TIME DISTANCE IMPEDANCE RELAY: This relay automatically adjust its operating time according to the distance of the relay from the fault point.The time distance impedance relay will not only be operated depending upon voltage to current ratio.Its operating time also depends upon the value of this ratio. WORKING PRINCIPLE !!! •PRINCIPLE : Ratio of system voltage and current which is nothing but impedance so called impedance relay. PRINCIPLES • It involves the division of voltage at the relaying point by the measured current. • The calculated apparent impedance is compared with the reach point impedance. • If the measured impedance is less than the reach point impedance ,it is assumed that a fault exists on the line between the relay and the reach point. WORKING •The operation of such relay depends on the predetermined value of voltage to current ratio. Z= V/I
•It only operates when the impedance is less
than its predetermined value.
•Since impedance of transmission line is directly
proportional to its length, distance relay operates only within a predetermined distance. OPERATION • There is one voltage element from potential transformer and a current element fed from current transformer of the system. The deflecting torque is produced by secondary current of CT and restoring torque is produced by voltage of potential transformer.
•In normal operating condition, restoring torque is
more than deflecting torque. Hence relay will not operate. But in faulty condition, the current becomes quite large whereas voltage becomes less. OPERATION Consequently, deflecting torque becomes more than restoring torque and dynamic parts of the relay starts moving which ultimately close the No contact of relay. TRIPPING CHARACTERISTICS IMPEDANCE RELAY: It works corresponding to the ratio of V and I of the circuit to be protected.There are two elements in this relay ,the one produces a torque proportional to current while the other produces a torque proportional to voltage.The torque produced by the current element is balanced against torque produced by the voltage element. The current element produces operating torque , pickup torque which can be said to be +ve torque.The voltage element produces restraining torque ,reset torque which can be said to be –ve torque.So this relay is voltage restrained overcurrent relay. WORKING OF IMPEDANCE RELAY: When the fault occurs at point F in the protected zone then the voltage drops while current increases.Thus the ratio V/I i.e. the impedance reduces drastically.This is the impedance of line between the point at which relay is connected and the point F at which fault occurs.So when the impedance reduces than its predetermined value Z ,it trips and makes the circuit breaker open. OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS: As the effect of spring is dominating for the lower values of currents ,the characteristics shows a noticiable bend at lower curren. But for all practical purposes,the dotted line which represents a constant value of Z may be considered as an operating characteristics.The impedance Z which is predetermined set value is given by, Z=1/slope of characteristics OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS ON R-X DIAGRAM: DIRECTIONAL IMPEDANCE RELAY: The directional impedance relay can be obtained by adding a directional element in the basic impedance relay. DIRECTIONAL IMPEDANCE RELAY CHARACTERISTICS: MODIFIED DIRECTIONAL IMPEDANCE RELAY CHARACTERISTICS: REACTANCE RELAY: In this relay the operating torque is obtained by current while the restraining torque due to a current –voltage directional relay.The overcurrent element develops the positive torque and directional unit produces negative torque. Thus the reactance relay is an overcurrent relay with the directional restraint. The directional element is so designed that the maximum torque angle is 90degree. CONSTRUCTION OF REACTANCE RELAY: The structure used for the reactance relay can be of induction cup type.It is a four ole structure.It has operating coil,polarizing coil and a restraining coil. The current I flows from pole 1,through ironcore stacking to lower pole 3.The winding on pole 4 is fed from voltage V.The operating torque is produced by interaction of fluxes due to the windings carrying current coils i.e.interaction of fluxes produced by poles1,3 and 4.Hence the operating torque is proportional to the square of current while the restraining torque is proportional to the product of V and I. OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS: MHO RELAY OR ADMITTANCE RELAY: The mho relay is made inherently directional by adding a voltage winding called polarizing winding.This relay is also called angle impedance relay. In this relay the operating torque is obtained by V and I element while the restraining torque is produced by a voltage element.The operating torque is produced by the interaction of the fluxes due to the windings carried by the poles 1,2 and 3.While the restraining torque is produced by the interaction of the fluxes due to the windings carried by the poles 1,3 and 4. OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES •High speed fault clearance which over current relay cannot do. •This distance protection has both primary and backup protection. •If the number of sections in the line is quite large, the time setting of relay nearest to the source would be very long. So during any fault nearer to the source will take much time to be isolated. ADVANTAGE: • The key advantage of distance protection is that its fault coverage of the protected circuit which is virtually independent of source impedance variation. DISADVANTAGE: • It gives the resonse of both the CT and PT.Thus it becomes difficult for the breaker to determine whether the fault is external or internal. • The relay is easily affected by the arc resistance of the line. • It is very sensitive to power swing. THANK YOU !!!