1. Transformers transfer electric energy through a magnetic field using two or more coils wrapped around a common core.
2. Transformers are classified based on core structure as core form or shell form and are used to step up or step down voltages for transmission or distribution.
3. An ideal transformer has no losses and the voltage ratio is equal to the ratio of turns between the primary and secondary windings. The phase angles of the voltages and currents are the same between windings.
1. Transformers transfer electric energy through a magnetic field using two or more coils wrapped around a common core.
2. Transformers are classified based on core structure as core form or shell form and are used to step up or step down voltages for transmission or distribution.
3. An ideal transformer has no losses and the voltage ratio is equal to the ratio of turns between the primary and secondary windings. The phase angles of the voltages and currents are the same between windings.
1. Transformers transfer electric energy through a magnetic field using two or more coils wrapped around a common core.
2. Transformers are classified based on core structure as core form or shell form and are used to step up or step down voltages for transmission or distribution.
3. An ideal transformer has no losses and the voltage ratio is equal to the ratio of turns between the primary and secondary windings. The phase angles of the voltages and currents are the same between windings.
1. Transformers transfer electric energy through a magnetic field using two or more coils wrapped around a common core.
2. Transformers are classified based on core structure as core form or shell form and are used to step up or step down voltages for transmission or distribution.
3. An ideal transformer has no losses and the voltage ratio is equal to the ratio of turns between the primary and secondary windings. The phase angles of the voltages and currents are the same between windings.
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TRANSFORMERS
Group members: 1. Jill Aghera 180110119002 2. Jaydeep Baldaniya 180110119004 3. Samarth Bhatt 180110119009 4. Jeet Chaliawala 180110119013 Index
Applications, Types, and Construction of Transformers.
Applications: Transfers Electric Energy, changing the voltage level (or current level), through a magnetic field. Other applications: e.g., voltage & current sampling and measurement, impedance transformation. It has two or more coils wrapped around a common electromagnetic core. Generally, flux in the core is common among the coils. INTRODUCTION One winding is connected to source of ac power, the 2nd (& 3rd ) supplies power to loads Winding connected to source named “Primary” Winding connected to load named “Secondary” If there is another one is called “Tertiary” Importance of Transformers: Main: to transfer electrical energy over long distances (from power plants to load centers) In modern power system electric energy is generated at voltages between 12 to 25 kV, Transformers step up voltage between 110 kV to 1200 kV for transmission over long distances with very small losses in Iran 230 and 420 kV for transmission and 63 kV and 132 kV for sub- transmission (and frequency of 50 Hz) Then Transformers step down to 33 kV or 24 kV for local distribution & finally supply safely homes, offices & factories at voltages as low as 230 V, as 1 phase and 400 V as 3 phase. INTRODUCTION Transformers are classified, based on types of core structure, into: (both use thin laminations) 1- Core form,transformer windings wrapped on two legs as shown 2- Shell form, transformer windings Wrapped only on center leg as shown: (leakage flux is minimized) INTRODUCTION The primary and secondary windings are wrapped one on top of the other to: Reduce the leakage flux And the low-voltage winding innermost to : Simplify insulating of the high-voltage winding from the core Types of transformers : Step up/Unit transformers – located at output of a generator to step up the voltage level to transmit the power Step down/Substation transformers – Located at main distribution or secondary level transmission substations to lower the voltage levels for distribution 1st level purposes Distribution Transformers – located at small distribution substation. It lowers the voltage levels for 2nd level distribution purposes. Special Purpose Transformers - E.g. Potential Transformer (PT) , Current Transformer (CT) Oil immersed Distribution Transformers Dry Type Distribution Transformers TWO WINDING TRANSFORMER CONNECTION SINGLE PHASE IDEAL TRANSFORMER (SINGLE PHASE) A lossless transformer with an input winding and an output winding in which magnetic core has an infinite permeability Figure below shows: ideal transformer and schematic symbols of a transformer IDEAL TRANSFORMER
Np : turns of wire on its primary side
Ns : turns of wire on its secondary sides The relationship between the primary and secondary voltage is as follows: (a: is the turns ratio) v p t Np a vs t Ns The relationship between primary and secondary current is Np ip(t) = Ns is(t) i p t 1 is t a IDEAL TRANSFORMER
In terms of Phasor quantities:
Vp/Vs=a , Ip / Is=1/a while: 1- phase angles of Vp and Vs are the same 2- phase angles of Ip and Is are the same ideal transformer turn ratio affects the magnitude of voltages & currents not their angles Now: given primary circuit voltage is positive at specific end of coil, what would be the polarity of secondary circuit’s voltage? REAL SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
Operation of a real Transformer
primary connected to ac source, secondary open circuited
REAL SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER
The transformer’s hysteresis curve is shown
Based on Faraday’s law:
eind= dλ /dt Where λ = ∑ φi (on N turn) Φav.=λ / N And e ind= N d Φav/dt
