Software Evolution: Machine Language Assembly Language Procedure Programming Object Oriented Programming (OOP)

SOFTWARE EVOLUTION
 Machine language
 Assembly language
 Procedure Programming
 Object Oriented Programming (OOP)
Evolution of OOP concept
 Structure programming supported by C was
found inadequate in handling large, complex
real life system.
 It was realised that “As complexity increases,
architecture dominates the basic material.”
 Sequence of programming statements are
inadequate for computer programming.
Important requirements
 Sound construction techniques

 Reusability
 Maintainability
 Openness and interoperability
 Security
Procedure Oriented
Programming Characteristics
 Emphasis is on doing things (algorithms).

 Large programs are divided into smaller
programs known as functions.
 Most of the functions share global data.
 Data move openly around the system from
function to function.
 Functions transforms data from one form to
another.
 Employs top-down approach in program
design.
Object –Oriented
Programming Paradigm
 Emphasis is on data.
 Problem decomposed into objects.
 Object annotated with data &
functions.
 Object data accessible only to its
function.
 Objects communicate between each
other through functions.
Organization of data and functions in OOP
Object A Object B
Data
Object A Data
Functions Functions
Object C
Functions
Data
Characteristics of OOP
 Emphasis is on data rather than procedure
 Programs are divided into what are known as objects
 Data structures are designed such that they characterize the
objects
 Functions that operate on the data of an object are tied
together in the data structure.
 Data is hidden and cannot be accessed by external functions
 Objects may communicate with each other through
functions
 New data and functions can be easily added whenever
necessary
 Follows bottom-up approach in program design
Definition of OOP
Object oriented programming is an approach that

provides a way of modularizing programs by
creating partitioned memory area for both data and
functions that can be used as templates for
creating copies of such modules on demand.
Basic Concepts of OOP
 Objects
 Classes
 Data abstraction
 Data encapsulation
 Inheritance
 Polymorphism
 Dynamic binding
 Message passing
Objects representation
Object : Student
DATA
Name
Date-of-birth
Marks
………
FUNCTIONS
Total
Average
Display
……….
Classes
 A class is an user defined data type
 A class is a collection of objects of
similar type
 Example : Class fruit
 Objects : Fruit mango, apple etc
 Class includes data and the functions
that manipulate the data.
Data Abstraction and
Encapsulation
 Encapsulation. The wrapping up of data and
functions into a single unit(called class) is known
as encapsulation.
 Data hiding : Insulation of data from direct
access by any subject function is referred to as
data hiding.
 Abstraction : Act of representing essential
attributes of an object the size, weight and cost
etc.
Note : Classes are known as Abstract Data
Types (ADT)
Inheritance
 Inheritance is the process by which objects of one class acquire the properties of
objects of another class.
Bird
Attributes
Feathers
Lay eggs
Flying Bird Nonflying Bird

Attributes Attributes
----------- -----------
----------- -----------
Robin Swallow Penguin Kiwi

Attributes Attributes Attributes Attributes
----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
----------- ----------- ----------- -----------
Polymorphism
 Polymorphism is the ability to take more than one form.
 Dynamic Binding refers to the linking the object with the code
(algorithm) at run time.
Shape
Draw ( )
Circle Object Triangle object

Box object
Draw (box) Draw (Triangle)
Draw ( circle)
Benefits of OOP
 Through inheritance, we can eliminate redundant code and
extend the use of existing classes.
 We can build programs from the standard working modules

that communicate with one another, rather than having to
start writing the code from scratch. This leads to saving of
development time and higher productivity.
 The principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build

secure programs that cannot be invaded by code in other parts
of the program.
 It is possible to have multiple instances of an object to co-

exist without any interference.
Benefits of OOP (cont’d)
 It is possible to map objects in the problem domain to those objects in

the program.
 It is easy to partition the work in a project based on objects.
 The data-centered design approach enables us to capture more details

of a model in implementable form.
 Object-oriented systems can be easily upgraded from small to large

systems.
 Message passing techniques for communication between objects

makes the interface descriptions with external systems much simpler.
 Software complexity can be easily managed.

Application of OOP
 Real-time systems
 Simulation and modelling
 Object-oriented databases
 Hypertext, hypermedia and expertext
 AI and expert systems
 Neural networks and parallel programming
 Decision support and office automation
systems
 CIM/CAM/CAD systems

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SOFTWARE EVOLUTION

 Sound construction techniques

 Emphasis is on doing things (algorithms).

Object oriented programming is an approach that

Flying Bird Nonflying Bird

Robin Swallow Penguin Kiwi

Circle Object Triangle object

 We can build programs from the standard working modules

 The principle of data hiding helps the programmer to build

 It is possible to have multiple instances of an object to co-

 It is possible to map objects in the problem domain to those objects in

 It is easy to partition the work in a project based on objects.

 The data-centered design approach enables us to capture more details

 Object-oriented systems can be easily upgraded from small to large

 Message passing techniques for communication between objects

 Software complexity can be easily managed.

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