EXERGY
EXERGY
EXERGY
Exergy Analysis
Learning Outcomes
►Demonstrate understanding of key
concepts related to exergy analysis,
including the exergy reference
environment, the dead state, exergy
transfer, and exergy destruction.
►Evaluate exergy at a state and exergy
change between two states, using
appropriate property data.
Learning Outcomes, cont.
►Apply exergy balances to closed systems
and to control volumes at steady state.
►Define and evaluate exergetic
efficiencies.
►Apply exergy costing to heat loss and
simple cogeneration systems.
Definitions
• Exergy (also called Availability or Work Potential): the
maximum useful work that can be obtained from a
system at a given state in a given environment; in other
words, the most work you can get out of a system
• Surroundings (alrededores inmediatos): outside the
system boundaries
• Environment (ambiente): the area of the surroundings
not affected by the process at any point (For example, if
you have a hot turbine, the air next to the turbine is
warm. The environment is the area of the surroundings
far enough away that the temperature isn’t affected.)
• Dead State: when a system is in thermodynamic
equilibrium with the environment, denoted by a subscript
zero; at this point no more work can be done
Exergy Analysis
►Exergy analysis contributes to the goal of
making more effective use of nonrenewable
energy resources: natural gas, coal, and oil, by
determining the locations, types, and true
magnitudes of waste and loss in systems fueled
by such resources.
►Exergy analysis is also relevant for designing
more effective thermal systems of all types,
guiding efforts to reduce inefficiencies in such
systems, and evaluating system economics.
Why Study Exergy?
• In the last several decades, exergy analysis has
begun to be used for system optimization.
– By analyzing the exergy destroyed by each
component in a process, we can see where we
should be focusing our efforts to improve system
efficiency.
– It can also be used to compare components or
systems to help make informed design decisions.
Example
• A coal-fired furnace is used in a power plant. It delivers
5000 kW at 1000 K. The environment is at 300 K. What
is the exergy of the added heat? You can use two steps
to solve this problem.
– Determine the maximum percentage of the heat that can be
converted to work.
– Using your answer from the first part, determine the maximum
work possible.
• This is the maximum work output possible between the
given state and the dead state, i.e., the heat’s exergy. In
this case, 30% of the 5000 kW is unavailable energy—it
can’t be converted to work.
Introducing Exergy with a
Thought Experiment (1 of 4)
►When you fill an automobile’s fuel tank with
gasoline, it is the exergy of the gasoline you seek
and for which you pay.
►Exergy is not just another aspect
of energy. Exergy and energy are
related but distinctly different
quantities. These differences are
explored with the figure at right,
which shows an isolated system
consisting initially of a small
container of fuel surrounded by air
in abundance.
Introducing Exergy with a
Thought Experiment (2 of 4)
►Suppose the fuel burns so finally there is a slightly
warm mixture of air and the combustion products
formed.
►Since air is abundantly present, the
temperature of the final mixture is
nearly the same as the initial air
temperature.
►The total quantity of energy
associated with the system is constant
because no energy transfers take
place across the boundary of an
isolated system and, by the first law of
thermodynamics, energy is conserved.
Introducing Exergy with a
Thought Experiment (3 of 4)
21
Taking the heat transfer to be from the system to its surroundings, the conservation of
energy is
Ein Eout dEsystem
0 Q W dU
The work is the boundary work and can be written as
W P dV ( P P0 ) dV P0 dV
Wb, useful P0 dV
Any useful work delivered by a piston-cylinder device is due to the pressure above the
atmospheric level.
To assure the reversibility of the process, the heat transfer occurs through a
reversible heat engine.
T0 Q
WHE th Q (1 ) Q Q T0
T T
Qnet Q
dS
T T
WHE Q T0 dS
Q WHE T0 dS
22
WHE T0 dS Wb, useful P0 dV dU
Wtotal useful Wb, useful WHE
dU P0 dV T0 dS
Integrating from the given state (no subscript) to the dead state (0 subscript), we have
Wtotal useful (U 0 U ) P0 (V0 V ) T0 (S0 S )
(U U 0 ) P0 (V V0 ) T0 ( S S0 )
This is the total useful work due to a system undergoing a reversible process from a
given state to the dead state, which is the definition of exergy.
Including the kinetic energy and potential energy, the exergy of a closed system is
V2
X (U U 0 ) P0 (V V0 ) T0 ( S S0 ) m mgz
2
on a unit mass basis, the closed system (or nonflow) exergy is
V2
(u u0 ) P0 (v v0 ) T0 ( s s0 ) gz
2
(e e0 ) P0 (v v0 ) T0 ( s s0 )
23
Defining Exergy (2 of 4)
►Using energy and entropy balances, the following
expression is obtained for the exergy, E (o X), of a
system at a specified state,
(Eq. 7.1)
(Eq. 7.2)
(Eq. 7.3)
Defining Exergy (4 of 4)
►If temperature and/or pressure of a system differ
from that of the environment, the system has
exergy. More precisely, the system has a
thermomechanical contribution to its exergy.
Another contribution, called chemical exergy,
arises when there is a chemical composition
difference between the system and environment.
►The thermomechanical contribution to exergy
suffices for the applications of Chapter 7. Still, for
gasoline and other fuels chemical exergy is the
most significant aspect. Chemical exergy is
considered in Chapter 13.
Calculating Exergy (1 of 4)
Example: A balloon filled with
T = 280 K
oxygen (O2) at 280 K, 1 bar moves p = 1 bar
with a velocity of 15 m/s at an V = 15 m/s
elevation of 0.5 km, each relative to z = 0.5 km
Earth’s surface where T0 = 300 K,
p0 = 1 bar. Using the ideal gas g
model, determine the specific
exergy of the oxygen, in kJ/kg.
Take g = 9.807 m/s2.
z
Earth
T0 = 300 K
p0 = 1 bar
Calculating Exergy (2 of 4)
Solution: The specific exergy is given by
►Using the ideal gas model and data from Table A-23, as
needed
u u0 5822 6242 kJ/kmol
(u u0 ) 13 .13 kJ/kg
M 32 kg/kmol
RT RT0
p0 ( v v0 ) p0 . Since p p0,
p p0
8.314 kJ
p0 ( v v0 ) RT T0 280 300 K 5.20 kJ/kg
32 kg K
Calculating Exergy (3 of 4)
o o p
T0 ( s s0 ) T0 s s0 R ln . Since p p0,
p0
s o s0o
T0 ( s s0 ) T0
M
T0 ( s s0 ) 300 K
203 .191 205 .213 kJ/kmol K
18 .96 kJ/kg
32 kg/kmol
Calculating Exergy (4 of 4)
2
2 2
1 N 1 kJ
V / 2 gz (15 m/s) / 2 (9.807 m/s )(500 m)
1 kg m 10 3 N m
s 2
V 2 / 2 gz 5.02 kJ/kg
►Collecting results,
(Eq. 7.4a)
Introducing the
Closed System Exergy Balance (3 of 5)
►The first two terms on the right side account for
exergy transfer accompanying heat transfer and
work, respectively:
(Eq. 7.5)
(Eq. 7.6)
Introducing the
Closed System Exergy Balance (4 of 5)
►The third term on the right accounts for the
destruction of exergy due to irreversibilities within
the system:
(Eq. 7.7)
(Eq. 7.10)
(Eq. 7.11a)
Exergy Rate Balance for Closed Systems (2 of 6)
E d E q1 E q 2 50 kW 3 kW 47 kW
The irreversibility in this case is spontaneous heat transfer
within the rod from the high-temperature end to the low-
temperature end.
Exergy Rate Balance for Closed Systems (5 of 6)
(c) While the rates of heat transfer are the same at
each end of the rod, the rates of exergy transfer at
the ends are much different. The exergy transfer
rates provide truer measures of thermodynamic
value than the heat transfer rate. The
thermodynamic value of a heat transfer depends
on the temperature at which it occurs.
►The magnitude of the exergy transfer rate at the high-
temperature end signals an opportunity for doing
something useful.
►The smaller exergy transfer rate at the low-
temperature end indicates much reduced usefulness,
but still an opportunity.
Exergy Rate Balance for Closed Systems (6 of 6)
► An exergy accounting for the rod reads:
Rate of exergy in: 50 kW
Disposition of the Exergy:
►Rate of exergy out: 3 kW (6%)
►Rate of exergy destruction: 47 kW (94%)
►In principle the exergy transferred from the rod can be
used for some purpose. Accordingly, it is accounted for
here as exergy transfer out of the rod. However, as this
exergy is not used in the surroundings, it is more
appropriately charged as an exergy loss for the rod.
►The exergy transferred from the rod is fully destroyed in
the surroundings owing to heat transfer irreversibility there.
In the end, all of the exergy entering the rod is destroyed,
thereby missing a seeming opportunity.
Exergy Rate Balance for
Control Volumes at Steady State (1 of 6)
►Like mass, energy, and entropy, exergy can be
transferred into and out of a control volume where
mass enters and exits. (exergy associated with flow
energy = (P-Pₒ)v)
►Since this is the principal difference between the
closed system and control volume exergy rate
balances, the steady-state form for control volumes
can be obtained by modifying the closed system
form to account for such exergy transfer. The result
is
(Eq. 7.13a)
Exergy Rate Balance for
Control Volumes at Steady State (2 of 6)
►In Eq. 7.13a, efi accounts for the exergy per unit of
mass entering at inlet i and efe accounts for the
exergy per unit mass exiting at exit e. These terms,
known as the specific flow exergy, are derived
using energy and entropy balances, and take the
form
(Eq. 7.14)
(Eq. 7.13b)
where
(Eq. 7.15)
(Eq. 7.16a)
(Eq. 7.16b)
Exergy Rate Balance for
Control Volumes at Steady State (4 of 6)
►For a one-inlet, one-exit control volume at steady
state, Eq. 7.13a reduces to
(Eq. 7.17)
(Eq. 7.18)
Exergy Rate Balance for
Control Volumes at Steady State (5 of 6)
Example: The figure shows a control volume at
steady state labeled with exergy transfer rates
accompanying shaft work, accompanying heat
transfer, and where mass enters and exits. Applying
the control volume form of the exergy rate balance,
determine the rate of exergy destruction within the
control volume, in MW.
Exergy Rate Balance for
Control Volumes at Steady State (6 of 6)
∙
►Solving for Ed and substituting values from the
figure
∙
Ed = 60 MW – 40 MW + 2 MW – 15 MW = 7 MW
Exergetic Efficiency (1 of 10)
►Exergy-based efficiencies developed using exergy balances
are called exergetic efficiencies.
►To distinguish exergy-based
and energy-based efficiencies,
consider the system shown in
the figure. The system
represents a range of
applications where fuel is
consumed to provide heating.
►All energy transfers shown are in the direction of the arrows.
∙
►The system receives energy by heat transfer at the rate Qs at
∙
the source temperature Ts and delivers Qu at the use
temperature Tu.
∙
►Energy is lost by heat transfer at the rate Ql at temperature Tl.
►There is no work and operation is at steady state.
Exergetic Efficiency (2 of 10)
►Applying closed system energy and exergy rate
balances at steady-state
(Eq. 7.19b)
Exergetic Efficiency (3 of 10)
►Equation 7.19a shows that the energy carried in
∙ ∙ ∙
by heat transfer, Qs, is either used, Qu, or lost, Ql.
This can be described by an energy-based
efficiency in the form product/input as
(Eq. 7.20)
(Eq. 7.21a)
Exergetic Efficiency (5 of 10)
►Introducing Eq. 7.20 gives
(Eq. 7.21b)
Turbina
Compresor
∙ ∙
We = m(h 1 – h2)
Exergy Costing of a Cogeneration System (2 of 7)
► With the same modeling, the exergy rate balance, Eq. 7.17,
reduces as follows
► Thus far the analysis of the turbine has used the first and
second laws of thermodynamics in the form of energy and
exergy balances, respectively. Thermoeconomics also
requires cost accounting as embodied in the following cost
rate balance for the turbine
(Eq. 7.33)
(Eq. 7.34b)
Boiler