Mathematics for Engineers 1

NCB10103

Chapter 4
Multivariable Functions
 Multivariable Functions
 Functions with Two Variables
 Functions of Three Variables
 Limits
 Partial Derivatives
 Chain Rules & Implicit
Differentiation
 Introduction
 In the past we have seen function of one variable, y=f(x),
where x is the independent variable and y is the dependent
variable, that is y dependent on x.
 Functions of Two Variables

 Defination:
Suppose D is a set of order pairs of real number, (x,y). A
function with 2 independent variables x and y denotes as
z = f(x,y).
 The set D is the function domain.
 The set of z-values that associates with the numbers in D is
the function’s range.
Functions of Two Variables
 Functions of Two Variables
Example
1 
For f ( x, y )  x 2  y . Find f (-2,9), f  ,0 , domain and range of f .
2 
Solution :
By substituti ng the values of x and y, we obtain
f ( 2,9)  (2) 2  9  7
2
1  1 1
f  ,0      0 
2  2 4
For f (x, y)  x 2  y , x can be any value, but y is defined for y  0.
Hence the domain of f
D f   ( x, y ) : x  , y  0
The value of y and x 2 are nonnegative. Hence the range of f is
R f   f (x, y) : f (x, y)  0
 Functions of Two Variables
Example
For f ( x, y )  x ln y  x 2 . Find f (1,1), f  2, e  , domain and range of f .

Solution :
By substituting the values of x and y, we obtain
f (1,1)  1. ln1  12  1
f (2,e)  2 ln e  12  3
For f (x, y)  x ln y  x 2 , x can be any value, but ln y is defined only for y  0.
Hence the domain of f
D   ( x, y ) : x  , y  0
f
The value of x 2 are nonnegative and xln y can be any values.
Hence the range of f is
R   f (x, y) : f (x, y)  
f
 Functions of Two Variables
TRY

Determine f(1,4) , f(0,9), domain and range for the following

functions:

(i) f ( x, y)  3x2 y  1,

(ii) f ( x, y)  cos( 2π x )
y
 Functions of Two Variables
ti on Find f (1,4) , f (0,9), domain and range for the following functions
Solu
(i) f ( x, y)  3x 2 y 1, (ii) f ( x, y)  cos( 2 x )
y

(i) By substituti ng the values x and y in the function, we obtain

f ( x , y)  3(1) 2 4  1  5
f ( x , y)  3(0) 2 9  1  1

The value of y is defined for y  0. Hence the domain of the function

D   ( x, y) : x , y  0 

The value of y and x 2 are nonnegativ e. Hence the range of the function
R   f ( x, y) : f ( x, y)  1
 Functions of Two Variables
ti on
Solu

(ii) By substituting the values x and y in the function, we obtain

2π 1 π
f (x, y)  cos( )  cos( )  0
4 2
2π 0
f (x, y)  cos( )  cos(0)  1
9
The value of x is defined for x  0 and the value of 1 y is defined for y  0.
Hence the domain of the function

D   ( x, y) : x  0, y  0 

The value of cosine function is between -1 and 1. Hence the range of the function
R   f ( x, y) : 1  f ( x, y)  1
 Functions with Three
Variables
Ø If we denote a function of three variables as   f ( x, y, z ),
the n x, y, and z are the independent variables and
 is the dependent variable.
 Functions with Three Variables
yz
Given f ( x, y, z )  . Find f (0,1,1), f   1,1,3 , domain and range of f .
x2
Example Solution :
By substituti ng the values of x, y and z, we obtain
(1)(1) 1
f (0,1,1)  
02 2
(1)(3)
f (-1,1,3)  3
-1  2
yz
For f ( x, y, z )  , the value of y and z can be any value,
x2
1
the value of is defined for x  -2.
x2
Hence the domain of f
D   ( x, y, z ) : y, z  , x  2
f
yz
The value of can be any values.
x2
Hence the range of f is
R   f (x, y, z) : f (x, y, z)  
f
 Functions with Three Variables
Example
Given f ( x, y, z )  z 2  sin xy . Find f (1,/2,-2), f  0,1,2  , domain and range of f .
Solution :
By substituting the values of x, y and z, we obtain
f (1,/2,-2)  (2) 2  sin(1. / 2)  5
f (0,1,2)  22  sin(0.1)  4
For f ( x, y, z )  z 2  sin xy, the value of x, y and z can be any value,
Hence the domain of f
D   ( x, y, z ) : x, y, z  
f
The value of z 2 are nonnegative, and the value of sine function is between 1 and -1.
Hence the range of f is
R   f (x, y, z) :   1
f
 Limits
How does this extend to functions of two variables?
We can start with informal language as before:

lim f ( x, y )  A
( x, y )  ( a, b )

means that as (x,y) gets “closer and closer” to (a,b) , f(x,y)

gets closer and closer to A.
Limits
 Limits
Example

 Verify the following limits computations:

2 x 2  3y 2
lim
( x , y ) ( 2 , 3) 5 xy  4 y

Solution :
lim (5xy  4 y)  5.2.3  4.3  42  0
( x , y )  ( 2 , 3)

2 x  3y
2 2 lim 2 x 2  3y 2
35
( x , y ) ( 2 , 3)
lim  
( x , y ) ( 2 , 3) 5xy  4 y lim 5xy  4 y 42
( x , y ) ( 2 , 3)
 Limits
Example

 Verify the following limits computations:

x2  y2
lim
( x , y )( 0, 0 ) x  y

Solution :
x 2  y2 ( x  y)( x  y)
lim  lim
( x , y )( 0, 0 ) x  y ( x , y ) ( 0 , 0 ) xy
 lim ( x  y)  0  0  0
(x, y) (0,0)
Example
Limits
xy4 xy4
1. lim  lim
2
(x,y )(2,2) ( x  y) 16 (x,y )(2,2) ( x  y  4)(x  y  4)

1 1
 lim 
(x,y )(2,2) ( x  y  4) 8

xy  x x( y 1)( y 1)
2. lim  lim
(x,y )(0,1) y 1 (x,y )(0,1) ( y 1)( y 1)

x( y 1)( y 1)
 lim  lim x( y 1)  0
(x,y )(0,1) y 1 (x,y )(0,1)
 Partial Derivative

 For a function of one variable, the rate of change of the function

is represented by its derivative
 For a function of more than one variable, we are interested in the
rate of change of the function with respect to one of its variables while the
other variables remain fixed
 This leads to the concept of partial derivatives
 d
 In partial differentiation, operator is used instead of
x dx
 Partial Derivative
z  f ( x, y )

f f ( x  x, y )  f ( x, y )
 lim
x x 0 x
f f ( x, y  y )  f ( x, y )
 lim
y y 0 y
 Partial Derivatives

z  f ( x, y ) y is kept
constant
z f ( x  x, y )  f ( x, y )
 lim
x x 0 x x is kept
constant
z f ( x, y  y )  f ( x , y)
 lim
y y 0 y
z f 
Notations : , f x ( x , y), , f ( x , y);
x x x
 Partial Derivatives
Example Find f x (0 ,1) , and f y (0 ,1) if
(i) f ( x, y )  2 x 2  3 x 2 y  y 2  x  y  1

By regarding y as a constant, we differentiate f ( x, y ) with respect

to x to obtain
f x ( x, y )  4 x  6 xy  0  1  0  0
 4 x  6 xy  1
Hence f x (0,1)  4(0)  6(0)(1)  1  1
By regarding x as a constant, we differentiate f ( x, y ) with respect
to y to obtain
f y ( x, y )  0  3 x 2  2 y  0  1  0  3 x 2  2 y  1
Hence f y (0,1)  3(0) 2  2(1)  1  3
 Partial Derivatives
Example

Find the partial derivatives fx and fy for the function

f ( x, y )  5 x 4  x 2 y 2  2 x 3 y
Solution:

f ( x, y )  5 x 4  x 2 y 2  2 x 3 y
f x ( x, y )  20 x3  2 y 2 x  6 yx 2
f y ( x, y )  2 x 2 y  2 x 3
 Partial Derivatives
Definition of Partial Derivatives of a Function of Three or
More Variables
If w = f(x,y,z), then there are three partial derivatives each
of which is formed by holding two of the variables
�
w f  x  Dx, y, z   f ( x, y, z )
 f x  x, y , z   Dx lim
uuur0
�x Dx
�
w f  x, y  Dy, z   f ( x, y, z )
 f y  x, y , z   Dy lim
uuur0
�y Dy
�
w f  x, y, z  Dz   f ( x, y, z )
 f z  x, y , z   Dz lim
uuur0
�z Dz
In general, if
w  f ( x1 , x2 ,...xn ) there are n partial derivatives
�w
 f xk  x1 , x2 ,...xn  , k  1, 2,...n
�
xk
 Functions of three variables
2 3
f ( x, y,z)  3x yz  z y

f ( x, y,z)  fx ( x, y,z)  6xyz
x
 2 3
f ( x, y,z)  fy ( x, y,z)  3x z  z
y
 2 2
f ( x, y,z)  fz ( x, y,z)  3x y  3z y
z
 Higher Order Partial Derivatives
Notation for Higher Order Partial Derivatives
Below are the different 2nd order partial derivatives:
  f   2 f
   2  f xx Differentiate twice with respect to
x  x  x
2
x
  f   f
   2  f yy Differentiate twice with respect to y
y  y  y
  f   2 f
   f xy Differentiate first with respect to
y  x  yx
x and then with respect to y
  f   2 f
    f yx Differentiate first with respect
y  y  xy to y and then with respect to x
 1 variable Vs 2 variables:
Higher Derivatives
f ( x, y )
f ( x)  
d
| x y
dx
f ( x) f x ( x, y ) f y ( x, y )
d |    
dx f ( x) x y x y
f xx ( x, y ) f xy ( x, y ) f yx ( x, y ) f yy ( x, y )
 Higher Order Partial Derivatives
Example
Find f xx , f xy , f yx , f yy if f ( x, y )  x 2 y 3  x 4 y

The first derivative of f are

 
f x  ( x 2 y 3  x 4 y )  2 xy 3  4 x 3 y , f y  ( x 2 y 3  x 4 y )  3 x 2 y 2  x 4
x y
The second derivative of f are
 
f xx  ( f x )  (2 xy 3  4 x 3 y )  2 y 3  12 x 2 y
x x
 
f xy  ( f x )  (2 xy 3  4 x 3 y )  6 xy 2  4 x 3
y y
 
f yx  ( f y )  (3 x 2 y 2  x 4 )  6 xy 2  4 x 3
x x
 
f yy  ( f y )  (3 x 2 y 2  x 4 )  6 x 2 y
y y
 Higher Order Partial Derivatives
Example
Find f xx , f xy , f yx , f yy
if given y  ( x  y )e xy


f x ( x, y )  [( x  y )e xy ]
x
 (1  0)e xy  ( x  y ) ye xy
 (1  xy  y 2 )e xy


f y ( x, y )  [( x  y )e xy ]
y
 (0  1)e xy  ( x  y ) xe xy
 (1  xy  x 2 )e xy
Higher Order Partial Derivatives

 
f xx ( x, y )  ( f x )  [(1  xy  y 2 )e xy ]
x x
 (0  y  0)e xy  (1  xy  y 2 ) ye xy
 (2 y  xy 2  y 3 )e xy

 
f xy ( x, y )  ( f x )  [(1  xy  y 2 )e xy ]
y y
 (0  x  2 y )e xy  (1  xy  y 2 ) xe xy
 (2 x  2 y  x 2 y  xy 2 )e xy
Higher Order Partial Derivatives

 
f yy ( x, y )  ( f y )  [(1  xy  x 2 )e xy ]
y y
 (0  x  0)e xy  (1  xy  x 2 ) xe xy
 (2 x  x 2 y  x 3 )e xy

 
f yx ( x, y )  ( f y )  [(1  xy  x 2 )e xy ]
x x
 (0  y  2 x)e xy  (1  xy  x 2 ) ye xy
 (2 x  2 y  x 2 y  xy 2 )e xy
 Higher Order Partial Derivatives
f ( x, y)  3x 2 y  2sin(xy)  y 3
Example fx ( x, y)  6xy  2cos(xy) y
fy ( x, y)  3x 2  2cos(xy) x  3y 2

fxx ( x, y)  6y  2sin(xy) y 2

fxy ( x, y)  fx ( x, y)  6x  2sin(xy) xy  2cos(xy)
y

fyx ( x, y)  fy ( x, y)  6x  2sin(xy) xy  2cos(xy)
x
fyy ( x, y)  2sin(xy) x 2  6y
Notice that fxy = fyx
 Total Differential

Definition :
Let z  f ( x, y ) with f x ( x, y ) and f y ( x, y ) exist. If δx and δy
denotes the changes in the values of x and y, then the corresponding
change of z , δz also called the total differential of f is given as

δz  f x δx  f y δy
 Total Differential
Example
Let z  f ( x, y)  3x 2 y  y 2 , use partial derivative to estimate the change,δz
if the value of ( x, y ) changesfrom (1,2) to (1.02,1.97)
Solution :
f x ( x, y )  6xy and f y ( x, y)  3x 2  2y
The change in the valuesof x and y,
δx  1.02  1  0.02 δy  1.97  2  0.03
δz  f x δx  f y δy
 (6xy)x  (3x2 - 2y)y
 6(1)(2)(0.02)  (3(1) 2  2(2))(0.03)
 0.27
 Total Differential
Example
Find an approximation for z by using partial derivative if
z  f ( x, y )  3 x 2  xy and ( x,y ) changes from (1,2) to (1.01,1.98)

We have f x ( x, y )  6 x  y and f y ( x, y )   x
Hence we obtain

Substituting x  1, y  2, and x  0.01 and y  -0.02, we obtain

z  (6  2)0.01 - (-0.02)
 0.06
 Total Differential
Example Suppose the dimension(in cm) of a rectangular box changefrom
14,12 and 10 to 14.02,11.97, and 10.01.Use partial derivatives to
approximate the changein volume.
Solution :
V(x, y, z)  xyz , Vx  yz, Vy  xz, Vz  xy
V  Vx ( x, y, z )x  Vy ( x, y, z )y  Vz ( x, y, z )z
 yzx  xzy  xyz
 12(10)0.02 14(10)(-0.03)  12(14)0.01
 0.12
 Chain Rule

The chain rules for functions of more than one variables is an

extension of the chain rules for functions of one variable.

Theorem : If z  f (u,v), u  g( x,y) and v  h ( x,y) with partial

derivatives of f, g and h exist, then
z z u z v
  ,
x u x v x
z z u z v
  ,
y u y v y
 Chain Rule
The tree diagram can be used to help us remember the chain rule.
The tree diagram for theorem above is as shown in figure below.

The tree diagram for function of two variables

 Chain Rule
Suppose z  u 3  v 3 , and u  xy 2 , v  x 2 sin y. Use a chain rule z x
Example
and z y .

From z  u 3  v 2 , we obtain
z z
 3u 2 and  2v
u v
Similarly from u  xy 2 and v  x 2 sin y ,
u u v v
 y2 ,  2 xy ,  2 x sin y ,  x 2 cosy
x y x y
Hence we obtain
z z u z v
   3u 2 ( y 2 )  2v ( 2 x sin y )
x u x v x
 3u 2 y 2  4vx sin y
 Chain Rule
Conts
z z u z v
   3u 2 (2 xy)  2v( x 2 cos y )
y u y v y
 6u 2 xy  2vx 2 cos y

Substituting u  xy 2 and v  x 2 sin y, we obtain

z
 3u 2 y 2  4vx sin y
x
 3( xy 2 ) 2 y 2  4( x 2 sin y ) x sin y
 3 x 2 y 6  4 x 3 sin 2 y
z
 6u 2 xy  2vx 2 cos y
y
 6( xy 2 ) 2 xy  2( x 2 sin y ) x 2 cos y
 6 x 3 y 5  x 4 sin 2 y
 Chain Rule
 Chain rule can be applied to compositefunctionsof any number of
variables, and tree diagrams can be constructed to help formulate these
rules.
 As an example,suppose that  is a function of u, v, and r , whereas u , v,
and r each is a function of x, y, and z.

The tree diagram for functionsof three variables.

 Chain Rule
Solution: G iven z  e xy , x  r - 4s, and y  r - s.
z
Determine in term of r and s.
r
z z x z y
 .  .
r x r y r
 (ye xy )(1)  ( xe xy )(1)
 (x  y)e xy
 [(r - 4s)  (r - s)]e (r - 4s)(r - s)
2
r 2 -5rs  4s
 (2r - 5s)e
 Implicit
Theorem : If F(x,y)  0 implicitly defines a differentiable function y as a
function of one variable x, then
dy F ( x, y )
 x
dx Fy ( x, y )

dy
Find , if y as a function of x is implicitly
Example dx
defined by y 5  3 y-4 x 3-5 x  1

From y 5  3 y- 4 x 3-5 x  1 , we obtain

dy F ( x, y )
 x
dx Fy ( x, y )
( 12 x 2  5) 12 x 2  5
 
5y  3
4
5y4  3
 Implicit
Theorem : If F(x,y , z )  0 implicitly defines a differenti able function y as a
function of 2 variables, z  f(x, y) then
dz F ( x, y, z ) dz F ( x, y , z )
 x ,  y
dx Fz ( x, y, z ) dy Fz ( x, y, z )

dz dz
Find and , if z  f(x, y)
dx dy
Example
defined by z 3  xy  yz  y 3  2

F ( x, y, z )  z 3  xy  yz  y 3  0 ,
dz F ( x, y , z )  (  y ) y
 x  2  2
dx Fz ( x, y, z ) 3 z  y 3 z  y
dz Fy ( x, y, z )  ( x  z  3 y 2 ) x  z  3 y 2
  
dy Fz ( x, y, z ) 3z 2  y 3z 2  y
Notes
Notes