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Anthropology is the branch of
knowledge which deals with specific

study of man, his works, his body, his
behavior and values, in time and
space. (Palispis, 2007 p. 6)
It includes mans physical, social, and
cultural development that describes
and explains the phenomenon of
human life.
Helps by providing insights into
strange aspects of past or even
present societies which historian
and sociologist find difficult to
comprehend and explain.
 Conflict and Violence
 Trial by ordeal
 Superstition and witchcraft
 Fashion
 Myths and Legends
 Rituals concerning Rites of passage
 Courtship and Marriage
 Human Sacrifice
Banaag, 2012 p. 6
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Is a systematic study of a state and its
government, with the relationships of men
in the community, with relations of men ad
groups to the state itself, and with the
relations of a state with others sovereign
states abroad. (Palispis, 2009 p.14)
POLITICAL SCIENCE
It emphasizes the use of power,
interest, influence, and diplomacy
which is important in creating a well-
ordered society.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Political scientists analyze how people
attain political position in a society,
how they maintain their position, and
the outcomes of their policy
implementation within a definite
social territory.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Ricardo Lazo: The primary goal of
Political Science is citizenship
education. It requires the students to
understand and appreciate the duties
and obligations of being a member of a
society.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
Includes core competencies,
knowledge ad skills that help learners
become participative and productive
members of the community.
It provides the students the knowledge and
Knowledge understanding of a government, with all its
Based component curricula like public law, political theory,
public administration, political philosophy, and
political dynamics.
Inculcates the objective and underlying
Competence
principles of the state that should be abided
Based by the officials and its citizens.
Prepares the students for future career path,

Skill Based be it in legal profession, government service,
politics, teaching and many more
According to Joseph Fichter,
sociology is the scientific study of
patterned, shared human behavior.
It analyzes the human interaction
which is essential in understanding
man’s cultural make-up.
It may focus its attention on all kinds
of social interactions: social arts,
social relationship, social
organization, social structures, and
social processes.
Palispis, 2009 p.3
This social interaction will provide
sociological information that will
help in understanding society
objectively through the use of
scientific investigation or
methodology.
The outcome of sociological investigations
are essential for leaders, businessmen or
entrepreneurs, and government officials in
maintaining social stability and creation of
program as well as policies for
development (i.e political, economical, and
social).
The study of sociology broadens the
experience of individuals as they learn to
discard prejudices and become more
understanding of the customs of other people
and realize that truth is relative and “good” or
“bad” behavior depends upon the norms of
conduct of the society in which behavior
takes place
Panopio, 1994 p. 2
Social
Arts
Social
Social
Relation-
Processes
ship
Social
Interaction
Social
Social
Organiza-
Structures
tion
Refers to a group of people sharing a
common culture within a defined
territorial boundaries.
Likewise, every human society is organized
in such way that there are rules of conduct,
customs, traditions, folkways and mores,
and expectations that ensure appropriate
behavior among members. (Palispis, 2007
p. 254). Thus, every society is unique in
terms of culture.
Language
CULTURE
Celebrations
Is a composite or multifarious areas that
comprise beliefs, practices, values,
attitudes, laws, norms, artifacts, symbols,
knowledge, and everything that a person
learns and shares as a member of society.
Therefore, culture is:
A product of human interaction.
A social heritage that is complex and socially transmitted.
Provides socially acceptable patterns for meeting biological and social needs.
A distinguish factor
An established pattern of behavior
Cumulative
Meaningful to human beings
Palispis, Epitacio S. 2007. Introduction to Sociology and Anthropology. Manila: Rex Bookstore
Culture is composed of material and non-
material elements. Material culture consist
of tangible things whereas nonmaterial
elements consists of intangible things.
(Banaag, 2012 p. 48)
Ideas
Behavior, Non- Language

Gesture material &
Culture
& Habits Symbols
Religion
Food
Architect
Technolo
ural Material
Culture
gical
Structure
Tools
s
Fashion and
Accessories
>> It refers to any information received
Knowledge
and perceived to be true
>>The perception of accepted reality
Beliefs >>Reality refers to the existence of
things whether material or non material
>>These are established expectations of
Social society as to how a person is supposed
Norms to act dependin o the requirements of the
time, place or situation
Indeed, social norms are very important in
understanding the nature of man’s social
relationship. In the social interaction
process, each member possesses certain
expectations about the responses and
reactions of another member (Palispis,
2007 . 44)
Different Forms of Social Norms
>> The patterns of repetitive behavior which
Folkways becomes habitual and conventional part of living.
>> The set of ethical standards and moral
Mores obligations as dictates of reasons that distinguishes
human acts as right or wrong or good rom bad.
>>Anything held to be relatively worthy,
Values important, desirable, or valuable.
>>The practical application of knowledge in
Technology converting raw materials into finished products.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE
Dynamic, flexible, and adaptive
Shared and contested
Learned through socialization or enculturation
Patterned social interactions
Integrated and at times unstable
Transmitted through socialization
Requires language and other forms of communication
Ethnocentrism and
Cultural Relativism
As mentioned by Dean Champion and his
associates, “the range of variations between
culture is almost endless and yet at the same
time cultures ensemble one another in many
important ways.” Somehow, cultural variation
is affected by man’s geographical set-up and
social experiences.
Ethnocentrism and
Cultural Relativism
Cultural variations refers to the
differences in social behaviors that
different cultures exhibit around the
world. What may be considered good
etiquette in one culture may be
considered as bad etiquette in another.
2 Important
Perceptions on
Cultural
Variability
Ethnocen
trism

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Anthropology is the branch of

knowledge which deals with specific

Prepares the students for future career path,

Behavior, Non- Language

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