OBJECTIVES MAX WEBER (1864-1920) He emphasized the

role of rationalization in the development of

1. ANALYZE THE NATURE OF NATURAL SCIENCE
society
AND DIFFERENTIATE IT FROM SOCIAL SCIENCE
ANTHROPOLOGIST
2. IDENTIFY THE DIFFERENT BRANCH OF SOCIAL
SCIENCE FRANZ BOAS (1858-1942) considered the Father
of American Anthropology
3. APPRECIATE THE IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING
CULTURE SOCIETY AND POLITICS. EDWARD B. TAYLOR (1832-1917) From his book
Primitive Culture (1871) first gave the definition
-These differences made the study of Social
of culture,
Sciences interesting as it goes beyond the
physical aspect and materialistic phenomenon. Culture is that complex whole which includes
It paved the way to the development of knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, custom,
different disciplines which aim to interpret and end all aspects of man as a member of a society
analyze the complexities of social realities and
GOALS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
phenomenon.
 Observe the common things among
SOCIOLOGY
people (tradition, languages, and
-Came from the Latin word "socius - means others)
companion and Greek word "logos" means to  discover what makes people different
study from each other
 Create new knowledge through
-it is a systematic study of human relationship
researches about humankind and
along with human society and interaction.
behavior
Sociology is the study of society
POLITICAL SCIENCE
SOCIETY is where social interactions occur.
-Came from two ancient words. The word
SOCIOLOGIST political came from Greek word "polis"- means
city-state and science comes from Latin word
AUGUST COMTE (1798-18570) coined the term
"scire" means to know
sociology in 1938
-Political science is a discipline in social science
He also Introduced the term Positivism.
concerned primarily in the state, government,
KARL MARX (1818-1883), A German and politics.
Philosopher and economist.
POLITICAL SCIENCE
He made Communist Manifesto.
Focuses widely in political theory in its practice
EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917) His notable and analysis of political system and behavior.
works are the Division of labor in society which
tackles the transformation of a society from a
primitive state into a capitalist, industrial
society.
GOALS OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

 Make people better citizens

 Keep social order and harmony among
different groups of people
 Protect the rights of an individual
 Avoid conflict and promote cooperation

IMPORTANCE OF TUDYING CULTURE, SOCIETY

AND POLITICS

ON CULTURE

-We need to see man's relationship to his

environment, and to appreciate the
contributions of culture in our lives.

ON SOCIETY

-Societies are formed through social interaction

of its member.

ON POLITICS

-The aim of Political Science is citizenship

education. It mandates its students to
participate, appreciate, and understand the
duties and responsibilities of being a member of
a society.
LESSON 2: ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND 1. DYNAMIC, FLEXIBLE, AND ADAPTIVE -
SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES ON CULTURE Culture changes constantly throughout the time
AND SOCIETY it varies on the societal structure and the
capacities of its members to respond.
PERSPECTIVES ON CULTURE
2. SHARED AND CONTESTED - Culture through
Culture is that complex whole which includes
its element is enjoyed by group of people who
knowledge beliefs, arts, morals, law, custom,
lived together. It also allows its members to
and all aspects of man as member of society."
predict the behaviors of other members but it is
EDWARD TAYLOR - Culture is a "GENIRIC TERM" no assurance that they will think and act
yet very difficult to define similarly

MATHEW ARNOLD IN HIS CULTURE AND 3. LEARNED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION OR

ANARCHY (1870) - It is a product of a special ENCULTURATION - Culture is learned with
intellectual or artistic endeavor. humans had practice through continued process. It is a
invented. lifelong. process in which social interaction plays
a vital role.
KROEBER & KLUCK HOHN (1952) - Composed of
behaviors and transmitted through symbols. 4. PATTERNED SOCIAL INTERACTIONS - Culture
creates patterned behavior and social
SCHWARTZ (1992) - Stated that culture consist interactions that can be transmitted through
of experience that are organized learned or = socialization and enculturation.
created by the individuals of population,
including those images and image adding up 5. INTEGRATED AND AT TIMES USTABLE -
their unique interpretation transmitted from the Culture to be always functioning must maintain
past generation up to the Future. its components integrated. Language must have
all its idea and ideals intact for the successful -
transmission from one person to another.
ASPECTS OF CULTURE 6. TRANSMITTED THROUGH/ SOCIALIZATION/
1. DYNAMIC, FLEXIBLE, AND ADAPTIVE ENCULTURATION -Socialization is a process of
learning and internalizing rules and patterns OF
2. SHARED & CONTESTED society, while enculturation is a process of
3. LEARNED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION OR learning and adopting ways and manners of
ENCULTURATION culture.

4. PATTERNED SOCIAL INTERACTION 7. REQUIRES LANGUAGE AND OTHERS FORMS

OF COMMUNICATION – Culture will be
5. INTEGRATED AND AT TIME UNSTABLE successfully transmitted it it uses language and
other Forms of communication within their
6. TRANSMITTED THROUGH SOCIALIZATION/
context.
ENCULTURATION

7. REQUIRES LANGUAGE AND OTHER FORMS OF

COMMUNICATION
TYPES OF CULTURE Examples:

1. Material Culture 1957 Constitution, laws promulgated by the

Philippine Government
2. Non- Material Culture
1. INFORMAL FORMS
MATERIAL CULTURE- Includes all visible parts
and tangible objects. A. FOLKWAYS OR CUSTOMS – they are behaviors
less importance yet still influence behavior.
Example:
Examples:
1. Food
Doing “Mano Po” and practicing bayanihan.
2. Clothing and fashion
2. SYMBOL – These are anything that carries a
3. Buildings and Properties
meaning recognized by people who share a
4. Arts and Technology culture.

NON-MATERIAL CULTURE – Has intangible Examples:

objects or the invisible parts to such A
A SYMBOL OF CROSS REFERS TO CHRISTIANITY
Example WHILE CRESCENT SHAPE IS FOR ISLAM

1. Ideas and knowledge 3. VALUES - These are culturally defined

standards by which people assess desirability,
2. Beliefs and traditions goodness, and beauty and that serve as broad
3. Symbols and Language guidelines For social living.

4. Behavior Examples:

5. Religion FILIPINO HOSPITALITY, RESILIENCY, CLOSE-

FAMILY TIES, POSITIVE OUTLOOK brat IN LIFE
ELEMENTS OF CULTURE (University of AND OPTIMISM
Minnesota 2010)
4. BELIEFS - These are specific statements that
1. NORMS – These are the standard an people hold to be true.
expected behavior within a society. It is divided
into two: Formal norms and informal norms. Example:

FORMAL FORMS SUPERTITIOUS BELIEFS

A. MORES – they are norms that has firm 5. LANGUAGE - It refers to a Form of
control to moral and ethical behavior. communication using words either spoken or
gestured with the hands and structured with
Examples: grammar, often with a writing system.
Pre-Marital Sex, Homo Sexual Relationship

B. LAWS – They are ordinance of reason

enacted to protect. The people from the bad
outdated mores.
Examples: Presentations Of The Case Route

THE CROSSING OF FINGERS MAY REFER THAT The Philippines consisting of 7,107 islands has
SOMEONE IS HOPING FOR GOODLUCK. BUT IN over a hundred ethnic Groups and a diverse mix
VIETNAM IT REPRESENTS THE GENITALS OF A of Foreign influences, resulting in a distinct
FEMALE ban Pilipino culture. the county is geographically and
culturally divided into regions, with each group
6. TABOOS - These are norms that are crucial to
having distinct characteristics and dialects over
society's moral center, involving behaviors that
il dialects are spoken, and people are more
are always negatively sanctioned.
likely to encounter someone with an accent that
Examples: differs from their own we An accent is a
methods of pronouncing words that reflects
INCEST, CANNIBAUSM there. geographical or social background, and
COPING WITH THE BISAYA ACCENT (2018) prosody including rhythmic stress and
intonation also plays a role.
OBJECTIVES
Factors such as grammatical complexity and
Certain difficulties demonstrate that accent- Familiarity with the topic influence
shaming is widespread in modern times. This comprehension of utterance spoken with a
study concentrated on the issues associated foreign accent. Manila city the heart of
with ethnocentrism in terms of language accent. economic development in the Philippines. is
Issue of ethnic diversity issues confronting home to many Bisayans, who migrate to the
Bisaya's were also addressed. Furthermore, this city.
inquiry must be pursued in order to solve the
issue of how to deal with the Visayan accent. Solutions and Recommendations

This study specifically seeks to: Understanding accents is a skill that people
must learn this competence demonstrates that
 IDENTIFY why mostly Filipino's have a person can communicate effectively with
been indicated to talk about Visayan people and has extensive experience dealing
accents. with others. Finally, as its discuses
 ADDRESS the issue and raise awareness ethnocentrism and discrimination against their
to those people who value themselves a dialect, there is a need to address the issue of
high-class accent, shaming suffered by the Bisayan people.
 DEVELOP good behavior and proper in order to solve this problem, a Filipino must:
raising of children to whom and cherish
others Listen carefully
 ESTIMATE the best optimum solutions - When speaking with someone with a Bisaya
of his circumstances accent, listen carefully. to what they are saying.
 VALUE every humanity because it is the Focus on the meaning of their words rather
main point we are living. than the way they are pronouncing them.
PRACTICE Filipino food is a delectable tapestry of Flavors
and customs that has developed over ages
- Practice your listening skills by watching videos
wider the influence of numerous cultures and
or listening to audio recordings of people with a
ingredient. Filipino Food has however remained
Bisaya accent. This will help you get wed to the
comparatively under-represented on the world
way they pronounce their words.
culinary arena, despite its diversity and
REPEAT distinctive gastronomic offers. This case study
intends to analyze numerous important factors
- Repeat what the person is saying to make sure that contribute to Filipino cuisine's global
you understand them correctly. This will help under-appreciation while also highlighting the
you get more familiar with the way they speak. potential and challenges.
PRACTICE SPEAKING Filipino cuisine has a devoted Following among
- Try to practice speaking with a Bisaya accent those who have had the opportunity to try it,
yourself. This will help You build your confidence but it has yet to receive the same level of praise
and improve your ability to communicate with and recognition on a global scale as other Asian
people who speak this way. cuisines like Chinese. Japanese, Thai, or Indian
Food. This difference encourages us to look into
the reasons why Filipino cuisine isn't more
SEVERAL REASONS WHY FILIPING CUISINE IS widely appreciated. By doing this, we hope to
AMONG LEAST PREFERRED WORLDWIDE. find viable tactics that can help promote and
elevate Filipino cuisine on the international
WHAT IS FILIPINO CUISINE? scene.
- Filipino cuisine is diverse and rich culinary OBJECTIVES OF THE CASE STUDY
tradition that reflects the country's history,
culture, and geography. However, despite its This case study's main goal is to identify and
unique Flavors and ingredients, Filipino cuisine examine the important elements that
is often considered among the least preferred contribute to a limited global demand for
worldwide. Filipino cuisine. we seek to offer insights and
suggestions that can assist improve the global
- Example of Filipino Cuisine are Adobo, appeal of Filipino culinary traditions through
sinigang, Lechon Pansit, kare-kare, Laing, Balut, analysis of these elements.
Halo-Halo, Bicol Express, Tinolang manok,
Lumpia, Tapsilog  Identifying major obstacles
 Examining cultural perspectives
Reason why Filipino cuisines are least  Evaluation of taste profiles
preferred Worldwide  Evaluation of Availability and
 Limited International Exposure Accessibility
 Unfamiliar Ingredients and Flavor  Give a thorough grasp of the difficulties
 Lack of Global Preposition. and limitations that have contributed to
the restricted global demand For
 Limited Fusion Cuisine
Filipino food.
 Perception of unhealthy Choices
 Limited Promotion by the Government

INTRODUCTION
PRESENTATION OF THE CASE

The Cuisines of Italian and the Philippines are Regional Differences:

distinct and showcase the distinct culinary
The cuisines of the two nations differ according
customs and ingredients of their respective
to geography. The cuisine. of Italy varies from
nations. The main variations. between the two
region to region and is influenced by ethnic,
are as follows:
British and indigenous sources.
INGREDIENTS:
The regional cuisines of the Philippines are
Due to the abundance of cattle in the nation, varied with each region having its own
Italian cuisine Frequently features a broad peculiarities. For instance, Ilocano food includes
variety of meats, such as beef, lamb, and salted Fish and veggies, whereas Bicolano
kangaroo. As a result of Australia's large cuisine is noted for its Fiery dishes.
coastline, seafood is also very popular.
Desserts: Tiramisu, Strawberry Gelato,
The utilization of tropical elements like coconut, Pumpkin pie and chocolate Biscotti are some
rice, seafood is also very popular and a variety examples of Italian desserts. Hal-Halo, bibingka,
of tropical fruits like mangoes, coconuts, and and leche plan are examples of rice-or-coconut-
bananas is a hallmark of Filipino cuisine. based desserts that are popular in the
Philippines Geographical, cultural, and
Profiles of flavors Italian Food Frequently
adequacy Factors, in general, have an impact on
includes grilled or roasted meats and tends to
the distinctions between Italian and Filipino
have strong; Savory It is possible to employ
cuisines.
native components like bush spices and herbs.
Proposed solutions and Recommendations
Filipino food combines savory, sour, and
elements. Various spices, vinegar, soy sauce,  Educational initiatives
and garlic are Frequently used to season food.  Modernizing Presentation
Sinigang and adobo are well-known examples.  Heather Alternatives
 Global Marketing campaigns we have
Cooking Methods:

Italians are renowned for their passion for

pasta, pizza, lasagna and gelato. Particularly Educational Initiatives
when it comes to Freshness of the ingredients.
Cooking techniques used by Filipinos include Addressing the limited global desire for Filipino
grilling (as in inihaw na liempo) stir- Frying as in cuisine requires the creation of thorough.
pancit), and stewing Las in adobo). Dependable instructional materials and workshops. This
foods Bread, potato" and rice are considered suggestion calls for developing on organized and
staple foods in Italian, albeit rice in less educational strategy to enlighten both the
important than it is Filipino cuisine. In the general public and culinary exports about the
Philippines, rice is a staple food that is diversity of Filipino culinary traditions
frequently included with each dish. Additionally
popular are rice cakes (kakanin) and sticky rice
(suman).
 visibility and preference on a worldwide scale.
These campaigns leverage various channels,
engaging content, partnerships, and cultural
Modernizing Presentation celebrations to generate interest and curiosity
among a diverse global audience, ultimately
Modernizing Filipino cuisine's presentation is a contributing to the broader recognition and
calculated move to increase its appeal on the appreciation of Filipino culinary traditions.
world culinary scene. it entails redesigning the
aesthetic presentation and serving of traditional Socio-Cultural and Economic Development
Filipino foods to make them more attractive to
Socio-cultural, and economic development
the eye and consistent with current eating
refers to the simultaneous improvement of
trends. Traditionally, traditional Filipino Food
societal and cultural Factors, along with
has been served family style with an emphasis
economic progress, within a region or
on large quantifies and group dining. Chefs can
community: It is a holistic approach to
highlight aesthetics through original plating
development that takes into account both the
techniques to modernize the presentation. In
social and cultural well-being a population, as
order to improve the aesthetic appeal of dishes,
well as its economic prosperity.
this may entail implying contemporary
equipment, chic serving utensils, and garnishes, Socio-cultural

Healthier Narrative Socio-cultural factors refer to the social and

cultural influences that shape how people think,
Concerns regarding the healthfulness of some
behave, and interact with a society. These
traditional meals in Filipino cuisine are being
factors include language, education, religion,
addressed through the pronation of healthier
Family dynamics, art, gender roles, and Food
substitutes. Although Filipino cuisine is
preference, among other. Sociocultural
renowned For its strong Flavors and substantial
influences vary across different cultures and
ingredients, there is an increasing emphasis in
societies, shaping people's values, beliefs, and
providing options that appeal to health-
behaviors in unique ways. Under. Standing these
conscious dies. The ingredients for healthier
factors is essential for appreciating the diversity
substitutes should be carefully chosen to be
and complexity of human cultures and societies.
reduced in sodium, cholesterol, and saturated
Legner meat cuts, better cooking oils, and Economic Development
levering the usage of salty condiments are a few
Economic development refers to the sustained,
examples of how to do this.
long-term improvement in the economic well-
Global Marketing Campaigns being and quality of life for a population. It
involves the growth and advancement of a
A proactive and smart way to raise interest in
nature economy and encompasses various
and preference for Filipino cuisine abroad is to
aspects, such as increasing income levels
launch global marketing With these efforts,
reducing poverty, improving infrastructure, and
Filipino cuisine will be promoted to a global
raising living standards. Economic development
audience for its variety Flavors and cultural
is a multidimensional concept that goes beyond
relevance. Launching global marketing
more economic growth, as it consides social and
campaigns For Filipino Cuisine involves a
environmental Factory as well.
strategic and creative approach to increasing its
 The pastoral stage in socio-cultural and
economic development refers to a specific
phase in the development of human societies
that relies predominantly on pastoralism as
their primary economic and cultural activity.
Pastoralism is a way of life centered around the
Hunting and Gathering Stage herding of livestock, such as cattle, sheep, goats,
and camels. This stage often occurs after a
- The Hunting and Gathering stage represent alongside the hunting and gathering stage and
early nomadic societies that migrated in search before the agricultural or industrial stage of
of food for survival. This stage represents development.
humanity's oldest and most fundamental way of
life. Key Characteristics Of The Pastoral Stage
Include:
- During this stage, there was an equal division
of responsibilities between men and women.  Nomadic or semi - Nomadic lifestyle.
Men were responsible for hunting animals  Dependency on Livestock
within their region, while women were tasked  Limited Agriculture.
with gathering vegetation.  Traditional knowledge
 Social structure
- Due to their dependence on nature for
 Barter Economy
sustenance, these societies frequently moved
 Culture Practices
from one location to another and lacked
 Dependency on Nature
permanent settlements.
The pastoral stage typically precedes the
- Survival in this stage was primarily achieved
development of complex economic systems,
through hunting animals and gathering edible
such as agriculture or industrialization. Over
plants
time, some pastoral societies may transition into
- The core social institution was the Family, other stages of development as they adapt to
responsible for decisions regarding food changing circumstances and opportunities. The
distribution, child socialization, and member specific characteristics of pastoral societies can
protection vary widely depending on their geographical
location, the types of livestock they raise, and
- Population sizes in these societies were their interaction with neighboring communities.
typically small, often numbering less than 50
individuals. Horticultural stage

- Nomadism was a necessity as these groups The horticultural is a phase in socio-cultural and
had to follow the availability of food sources. economic development that is characterized by
societies primarily relying on horticulture as
- These societies displayed a high degree of their primary mode of subsistence, Horticulture
interpendence among their members, and labor refers to the cultivation of crops using relatively
roles were distinctly divided by gender: men simple tools and techniques, typically without
hunted, while women gathered. the use of plows or draft animals. Instead,
Pastoral stage horticulturalists often use hand tools like hoes,
digging sticks, and gardening tools for planting The Industrial stage is strongly linked to the
and tending to their crops. Industrial Revolution characterized by the
application of scientific knowledge to develop
production technology and harness new energy
sources-Industries became centralized in
specialized and often large establishments,
marking the transition. from. the domestic
system, where individual workers wed hands
tools or simple machinery in their homes or
Key Characteristics Of The Pastoral Stage small workshops.
Included
The adoption of waterpower and Later steam
 Shift to cultivation engines mechanized various processes,
 Semi-sedentary Lifestyle including cloth waving in England during the
 Limited surplus latter half of the 18th century. Notably, the late
 Social Structures at those 18th century -also witnessed the introduction of
 Religion and Beliefs interchangeable parts in the manufacturing of
goods, like muskets.

Mass production became a cornerstone of this

It's important to note that the horticultural
stage, and workers were classified into two
stage represents a stage of development that
categories: independent craftsmen who
predates. mac advanced agricultural and
possessed their tools and enjoyed Flexible
industrial stages. As societies progress through
working hours, and factory workers who tailed
different stages of development, they may
under the factory system, with employers
adopt more complex technologies, social
owning the tools and regulating their working
structures, and economic systems.
hours
Industrial stage
The factory system, played a pivotal role in
The onset of the Industrial stage can be traced prompting many workers to relocate to cities
back to the Industrial Revolution in Europe and owns in pursuit of their livelihoods.
during the 18th century and the first half of the
Agricultural Stage
19th century. This era witnessed the emergence
of advanced technology, particularly the During the Agricultural stage, which
invention of machinery, which transformed the commenced 5,000 years ago during the
agrarian society into one focused on production Neolithic period, the population of this society
and manufacturing. surged into the millions. They embarked on the
cultivation of various cecal like wheat, barley,
In this stage, the utilization of advanced Energy
peas, rice and millet-Additionally: they initiated
sources became crucial for operating factory
the domestication of animals like sheep and
machinery leading to the establishment of
goats.
centralized workplaces, economic
interdependence, formal education systems, As their agricultural practices advanced, they
and complex social structures, A significant shift produced more sophisticated Farming took and
occurred as people left their farm and migrated techniques capable of supporting towns with
to urban areas to seek employment in factories. population exceeding a thousand people.
Permanently settling in one place allowed for "Ecological-Evolutionary Theory: Principles and
continuous technological improvements in co-authored with Jean Lenski.
Farming. Moreover, this period saw the
According to the American sociologist Gerhard
transition pom barter systems to the use of
Lenski, technological advancement stands as
money. as a medium of exchange.
the fundamental catalyst for the transformation
However, this agricultural progress also brought of societies and cultures. Throughout the
about increased inequality within the society. A various phases of human development, effective
significant portion of the population served as communication plays a critical role, facilitating
serfs and slaves, while a minority became elite the transmission of information through the use
land owners and controlled valuable resources. of signs, symbols, or language.
The reliance on permanent tools for survival
As we examine the socio-cultural development
became pronounced, and distinct social clauses
of human societies, we can identify various
emerged, social institutions, including count
factors that have propelled them from the early
systems for dispensing justice, became more
stages of hunter-gatherer existence, which is
complex.
considered one of the most basic Forms of
The society generated relatively more wealth, human life, to the complex digital societies we
but this wealth distribution was highly unequal, see today. Technological advancement and
marking the onset of the feudal system. The economic evolution are often the driving forces
introduction of irrigation, combined with the behind these innovations.
use of ploughs, boasted production and soil
Nomadism, a traditional societal structure,
renewal. The population grew into the millions,
allowed for mobility and flexibility, which were
leading to the expansion of human settlements
essential for early human communities engaged
into towns and cities. Regions with abundant
in hunting gathering, and the constant search
resources became thriving hubs of. trade c and
for animals and vegetation. This lifestyle
commerce.
required these ancient societies to Frequently
Farmers learned to rotate crops in their fields move from one location, to another and was
and utilize waste products as Fertilizers, particularly suited to small and simple social
resulting in improved harvests and larger prod groups. Such societies were characterized by
surpluses. Furthermore, the development of egalitarian principles, where individuals were
metal tools per harvesting enhanced efficiency considered equal and entitled to the same rights
and durability. to and opportunities.

Gerhard Lenski is an American sociologist However, as a society developed and expanded,

known for his work in the field of sociocultural they tended to become more unequal in terms
evolution. He is most famous for his theory of of gender and wealth. They also became more
sociocultural evolution, which explores cities competitive and, at times, engaged conflict with
and so cultures change and develop over the other societies. Pre-agricultural societies were
particularly in relation to technology and marked by limited production, a predominantly
communication. Lenski’s work has nod a agrarian economy, a minimal division of labor,
significant influence on the study of the and social structure consisting primarily of
evolution of societies and cultures, and he is peasants and lords. This period is often
widely regarded as a prominent figure in the associated with the emergence of social
field of sociology. His most notable book is inequality The agricultural Revolution ushered
in significant changes, including increased For the last two million years of man's existence
agricultural production man lived in a band org village. It was not until
5000 8.C when political units were developed.
Around 2000 B.C the first state in history was
formed. A state has its own territory. centralized
government; and system of collecting taxes. The
Formation of states is not a circumstance that
Technological advancements, and the transition just happened by accident; is the product of
from rural to urban living. The shift from charge that is needed to adapt to every
nomadic lifestyles to permanent settlements environment. A state is a necessity to attain
brought about new challenges and the need for public safety, promote social progress and
more complex social organization. Complex political welfare, and maintain law and order.
societies, such as agricultural villages, cities, and The DIVINE RIGHT THEORY
city-states, emerged
Bishop Jacques-Benigne Bassuel (1627-1704),
SOCIO-POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT one of the principal French theorists of divine
Social scientists assert that human beings are right, asserted that the king's person and
social beings where they are developing culture authority were sacred; that his power. was
as they respond to the challenge and influences modelled on that of a father's and was absolute,
of their environment. Throughout the time, deriving from God; and that he was governed by
culture is being developed and transformed in reason, custom and precedent) (Encyclopedia
societies. Different transformation the cultural Britannica, 2019)
and sociopolitical aspects produce major level It is the oldest theory Formulated to explain the
of development and change to the people. This medieval form of governance the theory averts
can be considered as revolution in the growth of that all the powers to rule come from God,
the society where beings have its main roles in which is divine, and all who exercise it is
this lesson, we with study how the development ordained and elected by God to be His agent in
in sociocultural and political evolution affect the this world. He is chosen by God and to God
society and their way -of living several views will alone he is accountable.
explain how the institutions have developed
over the year. This theory was supported by St. Thomas
Aquinas (1225-1274), Marsiglo of Padua (1275-
Politics is one of the pillars in every society. 1342), Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), Bishop
Along with economics and morality, it Plays an Bossuet (1427-1704) and Sir Robert, Fillmer
important role in promoting the welfare of the (1588-1453)
people as it is universal and not static. It goes
with the development of the society. Heraclitus In the olden times, this theory is called the
the noted. Greek philosopher, once said, "there “Divine Rights of kings” and this was used by the
is nothing permanent in the world. Everything Stuarts of England the Bourbons of France, and
changes-indeed, there is constant change as no by many other monarchical states to justify their
one can cross the same river twice. Politics has self-vested interest and despotic ruling
its own pacing and pattern change development
THE SOCIAL CONTRACT THEORY
in accordance with the needs of society.

Theories on the formation of staters

This refers to the political philosophy or people must give their consent to give up
agreement between the government and the natural liberty, accepts the bonds of civil society
people this theory states that the moral and/or and be subject to the political power of another.
political obligations of all persons are Locke's most important and influential political
dependent upon a contract or agreement writings are contained in his Two Treatises on
among them to porn the Society in which they Government where the argues for a limited
live. Through this contract society and formal liberal, democratic form of government.
government were established.

The classic social-contract theorists of the 17th

JEAN-JACQUES ROUSSEAU (1712-1778)-The
and 18th centuries are: John Locke (1452-1704)
only good government is one Formed out of the
and Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778).
free will by the people. To protect the people,
Although they have different interpretation of
he approves direct democracy or a state guided
the theory, the underlying idea of their
will. Humans are good and compassionate by
respective theories is similar.
nature but can be corrupted by civilization. He
THOMAS HOBBES (1588-1679) - people create a published his book The social Contract theory in
government in exchange for laws and order. 1762.
Without a government, humans would fight,
The Evolution of Political system
rob, and oppress one another. Humans, by
nature, are selfish and must be controlled. He Cultural evolution led to the transformation of
published his book Leviathan in 1431 where he different societies and political systems which is
favored absolute monarchy. called the socio-political development. This
lesson will help you analyze the development of
THE FORCE THEORY
political evolution from egalitarian authority to
It is a theory where the state has its origin from a more complex and organized political system.
Force. It is believed that the tribe acquired its
The family refers to the basic social institution
territory and people through force. Going into
and primary group in the society. the types of
battle is means to gain power and control a
Family are categorized as follower!
certain territory.
On The Basis Of Organization
Every state is doomed to disappear if it does not
prepare for battle, train its army and Fortify its NUCLEAR FAMILY - refers to (1) a man and a
defense. The stronger and more advanced state woman united through marriage and have
is most likely to stand out and take dominance. biological or adopted children, or (2) partners of
the same sex, whose children may be the
This theory was supported by David Hume
couple's biological or adopted offspring. It is
(1711-1776) General von Bernardi (1849-1930),
considered to be the most basic and universal
Johann Casper Bluntschli (1808-1881) and Mao
form of (school) social or organization. This
Tse Tung (1893-1976).
structure is found in all societies.
JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) - on human nature
EXTENDED FAMILY - Includes other members
people are born with natural rights but have to
such as aunt, uncle, grandparents, or cousin
give up some freedom to protect these rights.
living under the same roof
Human are rational by nature and can control
themselves. For a government to work, the On The Basis Of Residence
PATRILOCAL FAMILY - From the Greek word CONSANGUINE FAMILY - the word is derived
which means" for the place of the Father." It from the Latin consanguineous "of common
refers to a custom when the wife after marriage blood which means that individuals have the
goes to live with the husband's family same Father and thus share, the right to his
inheritance. It consists of blood relatives
together with their mates and children. This
maintains the Family's continuity through many
generations by having common ancestors.

NEOLOCAL RESIDENCE - From the Greek word"

for the new place, it refers to marriage pattern CONJUGAL FAMILY - refers to a nuclear Family
when the couple after marriage moves to (live) that may consist of a married couple children
is an independent residence which is neither and relatives through marriage.
attached to the bride's Family of origin. nor the
BANDS - refers to a small association of family
bridegroom's family of ongin.
living together whose relationship is due to
Matrilocal Family - from the Greek word For the marriage, descent, Friendship and common
place of the mother" it refers to social pattern interest. Bands are nomadic; they transfer from
when the couple after marriage moves to live one place to another. It is an egalitarian society
with the wife's family. The husband has which means all person of the same age and
secondary position in the wife Family where his gender are equal. There is little to no formal
children live. leadership associated because of marriage,
descent, Friendship, and common interest.
On the basis of descent
Clan - a non-corporate descent groups whose
PATRILINEAL FAMILY - when descent is traced members claim descent from a common
through the father. The inheritance and ancestry ancestor (real or mythical) but are unable to
of property takes place along the male line of name the actual genealogical connecting sinks
descent. back to the common ancestor. Membership is
MATRILINEAL FAMILY - when descent is traced assigned of birth and is established either
along the female line and inheritance of through Female (matriarchal) or male
property also takes place along the female line (patriarchal) line. Membership is dispersed.
of descent. Tribes - like bands are still essentially egalitarian
On the Basis of Marriage in that no one Family or residential Group is
politically or economically superior to others.
MONOGAMOUS FAMILY - refers to a family This is organized around Family ties and have
which consists of one husband and one wire at larger populations, with shifting leadership.
a given time. It is an ideal form of family They are for the most part, self- sufficient in
prevalent widely. regard to food and other basic necessities. The
POLYGANDUS FAMILY - when one man marries head of the chiefdom, a large unit of society, is
several women or vice versa at a given time. chosen through hereditary means.

On the basis of blood relationship. During the tribal period; the human settlement
is headed by a Datu who wields trifold power-
executive legislative and judicial. The society is
called by many different names such as tribal territory, available resources, the standard of
community, indigenous people's community. His living and needs to defense production of goods
dominated mostly by men, women have no and supplies. The citizens have rights and
power to govern in the community, unless, she freedom but they have to perform several
is appointed because of her education or duties to the state
capacity. This is true in the Mangyan - Alangan
2. Territory - Definite territory is an essential
pamayanan in Sitio Sangelen, Dulongan III, Boco,
element of the state. The size can be big or
Oriental Mindoro (Ecoben 2011)
small but it has to be a definite, well-marked
portion of the territory under Sovereignty of the
state. This includes the land, mountains or hills
CHIEFDOM - refers to a regional society in which
and bodies of water.
one or more local groups are organized a single
ruling individual called the chief, who is at the 3. Government - The organization machinery,
head of a ranked hierarchy Of people. The chief instrument through which the sovereign power
is the divine king, both in macrocosm and of state is used. This makes, implements,
microcosm societies. One's states in society is enforces and adjudicates the laws of the state.
determined by closeness to the chief. The office
4. Sovereignty - This is the most exclusive
of chief is often hereditary, passing to the son or
element of the state as it refers to the Supreme
to the sister's son. It is also based on talents and
power or authority of the state to govern itself.
is ten conceived as a semi-sacred position. The
It is the basis on which The state regulates all
chief may accumulate. wealth to maintain
aspects of the life of the people living in its
power with a formal office. He performs
territory.
economic redistribution punction in society as
he redistributes resources like surplus food and Fach society needs the state because of the
other commodities among his subjects. He has Following reasons:
the right to collect taxes or tribute and recruit
labor for community projects such as (1) It provides security against external
constructing irrigation Austen, temple, or aggressions and war; it is for this reason the
palace. He can conscript in the military force. All state maintains an army.
recognized hierarchy is linked to the chief but (2) It grants and guarantees the rights of the
tends to be unstable, Thus, he may Form people.
Confederacies. Examples are Iroquois League of
Five Nations and the Algonquin Confederacy. (3) It issues and regulates currency and coinage.

State - refers to the political organization of (4) It ensures security against internal
society distinguished from other social s by its disturbances, disorders, and crimes; thus, the
objective which I to establishments order and state has to maintain its police force.
security through its laws that it enforces within (5) Grants citizenship and protects the interests
its territory and by its sovereignty. it has four and rights to its citizens.
absolutely essential elements as follows:
(6) It conducts Foreign relations, Foreign trade
1. Population - state is ci community of person, and economic relations:
without population there can be no state.
Population can be more or less but it has to be (7) It secures the goals of national interest in
there it is determined through the size of the international relations.
BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY -Berry, Poortinga, Segall, and Dasen (2002)
define enculturation as "a form of cultural
How do we become an effective member of
transmission by which society transmits its
the society?
culture and behavior to its members by
-Becoming an effective member of society surrounding developing members with
involves active participation, respect for others, appropriate models". Berry et al distinguish
continuous learning, and a commitment to between enculturation and socialization, the
improving well-being of the community. It two principal processes of cultural transmission.
requires a combination of individual actions and They declare that socialization involves the
collective efforts to build a better society. deliberate shaping of an individual while
enculturation is a form of cultural transmission
Why is there a need to learn about our culture because of the cultural learning that people
to become a responsible member of society? create, remember, and deal with as a product of
-It helps us understand our roots, values, and innovation. Through cultural learning,
traditions, fostering a sense of belonging and Individuals have a chance to communicate and
respect for diversity. imitate the behavior of other people. A good
example is the millennials in our country who
How does socialization help in the have easily adopted the cultural learning of
development of individuals become a good other countries especially Korean culture. They
member of society? love eating Korean food, watching K-dramas,
-Socialization molds individuals into responsible, listening to K-pop music, even imitating the
well-adjusted members of society by equipping fashion style and dance moves of their favorite
them with knowledge, values, and skills needed Korean pop artists.
to navigate social interactions, and adhere to -Similarly, Herskovits (1948) describes
societal norms and expectations. enculturation as a process of socialization to
BECOMING A MEMBER OF SOCIETY maintain the norms of one's heritage and
culture, including the salient values, ideas, and
-Being a responsible citizen of the society covers concepts. To understand more about
many areas, some of which are honoring our enculturation, we can say that Filipinos give
legal obligations and respecting the, social and more importance to their cultural values despite
moral laws of the country. To be a truly the challenges we are facing. If you are going to
responsible citizen, one must help our society in take a closer look at the situation of the Filipinos
maintaining peace and order. nowadays in this time of the pandemic, we can
see that Filipinos have preserved their culture
ENCULTURATION
like the bayanihan spirit which involves
-Enculturation refers to the process through everyone in the community sharing their time
which we learn about the culture we live in. and effort. The bayanihan spirit has even
Through enculturation, we learn what evolved and has adapted to the changing
behaviors, values, language and morals are landscape of our time with the whole nation
acceptable in our society. We learn by observing working together with Filipinos based in foreign
other members of our society, including our countries voluntarily sharing their resources to
parents, friends, teachers, and mentors. help those in need in times of calamities.
Eirshner DH and Meng 1. (2012) state that -Stated formally, socialization is "the process
enculturation and acculturation refer broadly to whereby one internalizes the norms of the
the processes whereby newcomers come group among whom one lives so that a distinct
participate in the normative practices of a self emerges, unique to this individual ( Horton
cultural community. In relation to each other, & Hunt, 1964 p.67)
enculturation generally signals the case in which
-Through socialization, individuals also learn to
the newcomer is a mature member of the
preserve and adopt the cultural values, beliefs,
cultural community into which she or he is
and norms of the society in order to become
being socialized leg. a child), on the other hand,
useful member of the society.
acculturation signals the case in which the
newcomer is not a member of the cultural - Socialization also play an important part in
community (e.g., an immigrant) forming an individual’s personality and molding
the individual into a social being. By achieving
SOCIALIZATION
all these, the individual find fulfillment and thus,
-Generally, refers to the process of social becomes a responsible member of a society
influence through which a person acquires the
-Anthropologist view socialization in terms of
culture or subculture of his/her group, and in
enculturation or becoming familiar with our
the course of acquiring these cultural elements,
own culture. It happens through our interaction
the individual’s self and personality are shaped.
with our family, peers and other individuals
Socialization, therefore, addresses two where we acquire social values and norms that
important problems of social life; (Gecas, 2001) we adopt. Through enculturation we learn and
understand the social norms, values, language
 The problem of societal continuity
behavior, custom traditions food patterns,
 The problem of individual development
clothing styles, and other important things that
WHY DO YOU THINK THAT SOCIALIZATION IS our culture has established. Because of
SO IMPORTANT TO THE LIFE PROCESS OF AN enculturation, we become conscious to
INDIVIDUAL? informed of our rights obligations, and
privileges as members of a community of the
-Socialization is very important to the life society.
process of an individual because it enables a
person to learn the different cultural languages, -Filipino families value highly traditional Filipino
norms, values, and one's role in the society in culture that we obtained from our ancestral and
order to fit the group. will pass on to the next generation. This
knowledge of culture emphasizes the social
-Socialization is also defined "as the process of norms, traditions, behavior, and values that are
learning that enables the learner to perform kept alive in every family and transmitted to
social roles. Thus, not all learning is next generation. But some instances of the
socialization, since presumably some learning is enculturation process in the Philippines teach
irrelevant to the motivation and ability the individuals to accept and adopt the changes
necessary for participation in the social system" in the society. This process also affects, either
(Johnson, 1960) positively or negatively, the lifestyle and cultural
-Similarly, socialization is seen as the learning beliefs of an individual towards the group
process which turns a human being from an he/she is a member of.
animal into a person with a human personality.
GOALS OF SOCIALIZATION those alternatives are. Content refers to what is
passed from member to novice while processes
-Arnett (1995) presents a new theoretical
are those interactions that convey to new
understanding of socialization, as he outlines
members how they are to speak, behave, think,
the three goals of socialization;
and even
1. Teach impulse control and develop a
3. The results or outcomes arising from those
conscience
context and processes
2. Prepare people to perform certain social
May be described as what happens later, after
roles, including occupational roles, gender roles,
someone has been exposed to content and
such as marriage and parenthood
processes. New members or individuals may
3. And cultivate shared sources of meaning or learn the behavior, attitudes, and values that old
what is important, valued, and to be lived for. members hope they would learn or adopt.
Similarly, socialization is seen as the learning
FAMILY
process which turns a human being from an
animal into a person with a human personality  The first agent of socialization.
 Principal socializer of younger members
THE THREE MAJOR ASPECTS OF SOCIALIZATION
of the family.
1. The Context in which occurs  Teaches members how to behave in
socially acceptable ways, develop
2. The content and process people use to
emotional ties, and internalize values
socialize others
and norms.
3. The results or outcomes arising from those  •Individuals share the patterns of larger
context and processes culture, but retain the unique values
and behavioral traits learned from their
1. The Context in which occurs families,
The context in which socialization context AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION & ENCULTURATION
occurs it like the theater or stage where
individual behavior is determined by how the Social groups and social institutions or agencies
context is perceived in cultural language, and that help in the development of the individuals
social structures. It also includes social and in terms of socialization is considered as agents
historical vents, power and control in social life, of socialization. The agents of socialization
and the people and institutions with whom the consist of person, groups, and institution that
individual comes in contact during his/her teach people to participate successfully in
socialization. society.

2. The content and process people use to SCHOOL

socialize others
 Molds the beliefs, values, and attitude,
-Is like the play, the lines, and the actors. It of the students through various
includes the structure of the socializing activity- academic and social activities
how intense and prolonged it is, who does it,  Equips students with skills that will
how it is done, whether it is a total experience enable them to fit into a larger society
or only a partial process, how aware the  Teaches students to learn the value of
individual is of alternatives, and how attractive self-improvement and hard work
 through classroom that give them
opportunities to apply their knowledge
CONFORMITY
and skills.
 Serves as a latent function by socializing -Conformity is the act of adjusting one's beliefs,
children's behavioral and teaching them behaviors, or actions to align with the prevailing
about citizenship. social norms, expectations, or group standards,
even if one's personal beliefs or preferences
MASS MEDIA
differ.
 Distribute information to a wide
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CONFORMITY
audience, via television, newspaper,
radio and internet. SITUATIONAL FACTORS
 Characterized as non-proximate agents
-Tend to look at how the specific environment
of socialization.
influences how one behaves. Situational factors
 Enable people to learn about objects of
are a matter of observation and then repetition
material and nonmaterial culture.
of what is observed.
 Influence the way people look at the
world and make them change their FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CONFORMITY
views.
INDIVIDUAL FACTORS
RELIGION
-Focus more on the personal characteristic of an
 Exerts a great influence on a person's individual such as strong leadership ability, will
view; legitimize social practices. power, and self-confidence that give him/her a
 Provides stability to society and a small chance or tendency to conform to other
source of social change. people. Individuals need to have the right
 Teaches participants on how to interact knowledge, skills, and abilities to stand out from
with the religion's material culture. others.
 Creates social solidarity in the society
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE CONFORMITY
and a source of spiritual growth.
CULTURAL FACTORS
GOVERNMENT
-Is the most fascinating of the three factors that
 Ultimate sources of authority.
influence conformity. Different cultures have
 Participates in socialization through the
diverse levels of conformity. Specific cultures
implementation of the laws of the
can contain a generalized personality type. This
country.
personality type really influences and is likely to
 Regulates the behavior of its citizens
conform to one's culture as compared to
using rewards and sanctions
another.
 Promotes the general welfare of the
people.
DEVIANCE will not know what the acceptable behavior is
and what is not. It is important that society
-is the recognized violation of cultural norms.
controls act of deviance, otherwise, the society
Crime is one example of deviance which is a
would become unpredictable and unsafe if
violation of norms a society formally enacts into
people cannot identify deviant behavior.
criminal law Deviance encompasses a wide
range of other acts of nonconformity, from Effects of Deviance on Society
variations in hair styles to crimes like murder.
-Deviance helps individuals to deal with and
Schoepflin (2011) adjust to change that are sometimes brought by
the society we Live in Society plays a big role in
-Apines that the word "deviance has a negative
social change as it creates the acceptable and
connotation in everyday language although
unacceptable behavior of on individual People
sociologists recognize that deviance is not
become deviant because they want to follow
necessarily bad. In fact, from a structural
their desire, or sometimes their deviant
functionalist perspective, one of the positive
behavior might be the results of problems they
contributions of deviance is that it fosters social
encounter in the society.
change. Deviance reminds individuals to think
first of the action they need to do whether it is Other effects of deviance that are not
right or wrong. Deviant acts that individuals necessarily harmful but may actually be
commit carry corresponding punishments so if beneficial to society are as follow:
they commit crimes, they will be given due
1. It is one way that social change occurs.
punishment to make them realize their wrongful
behavior and the need to follow the laws of the 2. It helps people adjust to change.
society.
3. It has a way of promoting social solidarity by
Howard Becker (1963) distinguishing "us" from "them".
-viewed deviance as the cultural product of 4. It provides a way in which some individuals
interactions between people whose occupations and groups can introduce their agendas to the
involved either committing crimes or catching rest of the society, and elevate their status while
criminals. Similarly, William Graham Sumner doing it.
(1906) posited that deviance is a violation of
established contextual, cultural, or social norms, Selected Theories of Deviance
whether folkways, mores, or codified law. In our 8 The social strain theory was developed by
society at present, many deviant acts are famed American sociologist Robert K. Merton.
committed because of poverty, unemployment, The theory states that social structures may
and financial crisis. People tend to violate the pressure citizens to commit crimes. Strain may
cultural and social norms of the society they be structural, which refers to the proceeds at
value to enable them to survive. Because of this, the societal level that filter down and affect how
each society has implemented laws to lessen the individual perceives his or her needs. Strain
the number of people committing acts of may also be individual, which refers to the
deviance. frictions and pains experienced by an individual
Deviance comes in many forms in our society. It as he or she looks for ways to satisfy individual
helps in shaping society's norms and goals. needs. These types of strain can insinuate social
Without the Lows society implements, people
structures within society that then pressure 4. Retreatism: It is a reaction of people towards
citizens to become criminals. society, in which one rejects both the cultural
goals and the traditional means to achieve
Robert K. Merton
success, then find a different way to escape it.
Stated that there are five types of deviance in Retreatism is the response of those people who
terms of the acceptance or rejection of social give up both cultural goals and means.
goals and the institutional means of achieving
Ex. Severe alcoholics, some homeless people,
them; namely, conformity, innovation, ritualism,
and hermits who achieve things that do not
retreatism, and rebellion.
always go along with society's values
1. Conformity: It is the process whereby people
INNES (2003)
change their beliefs. attitudes, actions, or
perceptions to match more closely those held -Defines social control broadly as an organized
by groups to which they belong or want to action intended to change people's behavior.
belong or by groups whose approval they The underlying goal of social control is to
desire. Conformists are people who accept maintain social order, an arrangement of
society's goals and the socially acceptable or practices and behaviors on which society's
conventional means of attaining them. members based their daily lives. Social control
also regulates individual actions to avoid conflict
Ex. Small entrepreneurs who become
in the society, Individuals should always exercise
economically successful because of their hard
social control not only in the family but also in
work and perseverance in their small business
the different institutions of the government.
2. Innovation: It involves reinventing things or Due to the problems our country is facing today
learning how to do things in a new manner. Like poverty, unemployment, heinous crimes,
Innovators continue to seek success; however, cybercrimes, and others, social control needs to
they reject socially acceptable means of be established to avoid chaos and strengthen
achieving them. social order.

Ex. ICT experts who gain monetary success Selected Theoretical Perspective Of Social
through cybercrimes Control

3. Ritualism: It is the regular observance or -Social control theory "contends that crime and
practice of rituals, especially when excessive or delinquency occur when an individual's ties to
without regard to its function. Ritualists are the conventional order or normative standards
individuals who stop trying to achieve society's are weak or largely nonexistent" This theory
goals but believe using society's institutionalized maintains that all people, from the time we are
or legitimate means of attaining them. Ex. born, are basically bad apples that must be
Staying in dead-end jobs such as a home care controlled by laws, rules and regulations in
giver position because it enables them to order to keep society in check. Individuals who
adhere to society's achievement and social have a weak bond to societal controls tend to
norms end up committing deviance or criminal
behavior" (Bartol & Bartol. 2011, p. 5). This
Ex. Staying in dead-end jobs such as a home theory states that those individuals who have
care giver position because it enables them to low self-esteem and have difficulty in facing the
adhere to society's achievement and social problems and trials they encounter in life have a
norms greater chance to commit deviant acts
Nowadays, many young people seem to have 4. Belief is a conviction or idea about the nature
easily lost social control as some of them are of reality that an individual or group accepts is
involved in issues like dangerous drugs, teenage true if a person views social values as beliefs,
pregnancy, prostitution, and even heinous he/she will conform to them particularly if
crimes that lead them to commit deviant acts. he/she has strong beliefs or faith in them and
Because of this, the government is doing its knows them as true.
best. to implement laws that will eliminate
Sometimes it can also refer to the validity of the
these deviant actions
values and standards of the society. The more
Hirschi's social control theory is directed at the we value the norms of the society, the more
strength of social bonds. Social bonds can be difficult it is to violate them because we stand
positive or negative depending on how on what we believe to be true.
individuals deal with it. When a bond is
Social control refers to societal and poetical
weakened or broken, then unusual behavior for
mechanisms that regulate individual and group
that individual may occur. Sometimes,
behavior to gain conformity and compliance to
individuals break laws or commit deviant acts
the rules of a given society, state, or social
because of the social and emotional bonds
group. Sociologists identify two basic forms of
provided by the group they belong to. The four
social control social control and formal social
elements of the social bond theory are the
control.
following
TWO TYPES OF SOCIAL CONTROL
1. Attachment is defined as a strong emotional
tie that bond one person intimately with 1. Informal Social - Control This form of social
another person, it measures our connections to control is enforced by family members and
others; when we are closely attached to people, other people we usually interact or socialize
we always worry about their opinions of us. with. Rewards and punishment are commonly
People conform to society's norms to gain visible in informal social control.
approval and eliminate disapproval from other
people like family, relatives, friends, and 2. Format Social Control - It refers to the
another group." organization or systems that use strict and
nested rules, values, morals, and the like that
2. Commitment is a dedication to a particular we are commonly told or compelled to die.
organization, cane, belief, and a willingness to Other government agencies enforce social
get involved. Before you make a commitment to control
anybody, you need to think about it carefully
because it obligates you to do something Having a peaceful society can be achieved if
people conform to the norms of the society.
3. Involvement is the fact or condition of being Cooperation and understanding of each
involved with or of participating in something individual's behavior can result in building a
Involvement minimizes deviance. Children who better community. Individuals and other
are members of Little League baseball teams institutions should establish social control to
have fewer family crises because their comply with the norms and rules of the society.
involvement in an organization requires them to Social control is a very important factor in
spend a large amount of time on socially attaining a peaceful society.
approved activities that it reduces their time for
committing deviant behavior.
HOW SOCIETY IS ORGANIZED

-A society is organized, not only because of SECONDARY GROUP

individuals who interact and share common
-A secondary group is relatively larger group
interests, but also due to the prevailing
composed of impersonal and goal-oriented
interaction among them, their state of
relationships, which are often temporary
belongingness, and the ability to influence one
another and work together to achieve common SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OF SOCIETY
goals.
Social groups are fundamental parts of human
-All society are organized around an unequal life. They are a multitude of people who see
division of labor and decision-making. Modern each other often and think of themselves as
societies are expected to provide protection, part of the group. There appears to be groups of
law and order, economic security, and a sense of people everywhere. We could be a member of a
belonging to their members. church. group, college class, workplace, sports
team, club, and others. The discipline of
-A society is mostly characterized as an
sociology focuses primarily on the study of
organized interrelated group of people who act
social group.
together for collective living as they share the
same language, territory, and culture. However, STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONALISM
a group of individuals in a certain place does not
instantly make a social group. This group may -Believes that society is a constitution with
just be individuals who happen to be in one interconnected parts organized to attain the
place asserting their commonality. Simply stated biological and sociological needs of individuals
when human relation begins, a group start to be in the society.
organized. There are sociological theories that HEBERT SPENCER (1820-1903)
can explain various aspects of social group
existence. He claimed that just like the different organs of
the body the various parts of society worked
SOCIAL GROUPS together to keep society functioning. These
-A social group consists of two or more people parts of society were the social institutions such
who regularly interact on the basis of mutual as government, education family, healthcare,
expectations and who share a common identity. religion, and economy.

TYPES OF SOCIAL GROUP EMILE DURKHEIM (1858-1917)

PRIMARY GROUP He believed that society was composed of

interdependent and interconnected parts that
-Primary group is typically a small social group were put together to keep instability held
whose members share close, personal, enduring collectively by shared-by-shared social life as
relationships in which one exchanges implicit laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs,
items, such as love, caring, concern, support, fashion, and rituals.
etc.
ALFED RADCLIFF-BROWN (1881-1955)

Considered the entire parts of community work

together to maintain stability for a healthy
society. The purpose any continual human
action as played in social life as whole
contributed to social instability.

ROBERT MERTON(1910-2003)
HERBERT BLUMER (1900-1987)
Noted that social processes had functions.
-Coined the term and characterized it with these
Manifest functions are the outcomes of a social
basic primases.
process that are expected. Examples of
education manifest functions are acquiring Herbert Blumer basic premises;
knowledge, preparing for a career, or getting a
good job. On the other hand, latent functions  Human beings communicate based on
are unintended outcomes of a social process. the meanings they ascribe to things
 The attribute meaning of things come
KARL MARX (1818-1883) from our interactions with others and
society
Believed that society was composed of
individuals various social classes competing for  The meanings of things are interpreted
resources such as food, clothing, shelter, and through a process used by the individual
employment. in treating the things he or she
experiences
MAX WEBER (1864-1920  There is various perspective about
groups in terms of the component that
He noted that various groups were treated
should be considered among the social
differently based on race, gender, and
groups like race, gender, universities,
educational attainment. The people' s state of
communities, political parties,
inequality was influenced by class deviation,
corporations, and nations.
social immobility and representation of political
power. According to John Macionis (2012), the
increase of group members trims down the
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION
exquisite interaction of individuals member.
Studied the human relationship of individuals They are firmer and can withstand the loss of
within a society or human interaction in which other members. Bigger groups are not founded
people make sense of their social worlds or on personal affection but more on conventional
communication through exchange of language, regulation and order.
symbols and its meaning.
FORMS OF SOCIAL GROUPS
NANCY J. HERMAN AND LARRY T. REYNOLDS
Groups are formed as an assemblage of people
(1994)
who often interact with each other on the basis
Declared that this orientation showed people as of a common outlook concerning behavior and
active individuals in the process of socialization a sense of common identity. A social group may
than merely state of human action. consist of two or more individuals who do
things together with a common goal and
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD (1863-1931)
interest.
Is considered as the founding father of symbolic
interaction.
 -The secondary group can be a small or a big
social group usually formed for a short-term
period. The members are not related to one
another and are not influenced by personal
feelings. Membership is founded on what a
Examples: person can do for each other. This group is
Family commonly found in schools and at the
workplace. The members of this group follow a
Friends particular action with a common goal. Among
Co-workers the members of this group are our co-workers
and schoolmates.
Organizations
SELF-CATEGORIZING THEORY
Relatives
This theory explains that the importance a
Church mate person gives to his/her group is influenced by
his/her perception of people who do not belong
Business
to his/her group
Team mate
WILLIAM SUMNER (1840-1910)
Couples
A sociologist, coined the concepts of in-group
Schoolmate and out-group. In essence, a person' s
conceptualization of another person as well as
Neighborhood
other group depends on his/her perception of
Clubs whether they are members or part of his/her
group or not.
According to Charles Cooley (1864-1929)
groups can generally be classified into two main IN-GROUP
types:
Is a social group to which a person identifies
PRIMARY GROUP with. He or she may feel loyalty and respect
toward the other members in the group. This
-Primary group is just a small group with may include include brotherhood or fraternity.
members engaged in tight, private and lasting
relationships. This group is noticeable by the OUT-GROUP
care the members have for each other as well as
Are groups to which a person does not identify
the common activities and culture they share.
with. He or She may feel dislike of hatred
This close-fitting interconnected group is among
toward a member of this group. This may
the most significant groups in any society as
include opponents and rivals of their group.
exemplified by the family. It also includes
childhood friends and long-lasting intimate REFERENCE GROUP
relationships. Primary group members identity
Reference groups serve as an element or
themselves a strongly within the group.
component that individuals use as a standard
SECONDARY GROUP towards the achievement of a desired behavior
in making judgement about the quality of life or
things. It is not necessary that we become a
member of a reference group; this can be a Out-group functions as a competitor or rival
person' s favorite fashion style, artist, pop idols, group that an individual is opposed to.
sport team, mentor, or a well know personality
-A Reference Group provides a standard of
we admire and want to emulate.
measurement. This group has a strong impact
on how a person thinks and acts as it may serve
as guide to a member' s behavior and social
norms. Thus, networks function as a social
NETWORKS media influencer.

Networks are created because of the need to

establish connection for some reasons like
-Social Networks are influential in a wide range
personal, economic religious, or political
of online platforms used for building social
interests. These are collective individuals
relationships with other people including
functioning on similar undertaking
sharing of political opinions, like and dislikes,
unnecessarily known to one another. A network
and can even show trending societal issues or
is a group that includes individuals who come
personalities.
into casual connection but who do not have
enough sense of belongingness. Other -A Reference Group provides a standard of
intellectuals assert that networks are measurement. This group has a strong impact
unstratified, unstructured, and free of value on how a person thinks and acts as it may serve
organizations. Examples of these are Facebook, as guide to a member' s behavior and social
Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and other social norms. Thus, networks function as a social
networking sites. media influencer.

FUNCTIONS OF SOCIAL GROUPS

-The Primary Group plays a vital part in the

socialization process. It forms the social nature
and ideals of individuals especially in shaping
the culture and personality where a person
learns social norms, beliefs, morals, and values.
On the other hand, secondary group members
tend to relate to others only in specific roles and
for practical reasons. This group helps in
fulfilling various types of human needs and
brings out social awareness and social change.
Also, this group helps fulfill various special
interests in such fields as sports, dance, music,
and others.

-An In-group may form within our Secondary

Group such as workmates, group mates, or
assembly which functions as a group of people
who can connect with each other because of
their sense of identity and belongingness while