Carbohydrates

CARBOHYD
RATES
Group 1
AKOY, Diana
ALIVAR, Jade
ARCEGA, Mary Julie
BACONGCO, Sylph
BISNAR, John Lloyd
BSMT 1D
Definition
01
Types of Carbohydrates
02 • Monosaccharides
• Disaccharides
• Polysaccharides
Importance of Carbohydrates
03
Contents
Diseases associated with too much
04 carbohydrates
Errors in metabolism caused by

05 carbohydrates
DEFINITION
Carbohydrates
"Carbohydrates are macronutrients, meaning they are one of the three
main ways the body obtains energy, or calories," said Paige Smathers,
a Utah-based registered dietitian. The American Diabetes
Association notes that carbohydrates are the body's main source of
energy. They are called carbohydrates because, at the chemical level,
they contain carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.
Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits,

grains, vegetables and milk products. Though often maligned in
trendy diets, carbohydrates — one of the basic food groups — are
important to a healthy diet.
TYPES OF CARBOHYDRATES
Monosaccharides
A monosaccharide is the most basic form of
carbohydrates.
Disaccharides
A disaccharide, also called a
double sugar, is a molecule
formed by two Polysaccharides
monosaccharides, or simple
sugars. A polysaccharide is a
large molecule made of
many
smaller monosaccharides.
Monosaccharides are used to produce and
MONOSACCHARIDES store energy.
• Most organisms create energy by

breaking down the monosaccharide
glucose
• Other monosaccharides are used to form

long fibers, which can be used as a form
of cellular structure.
EXAMPLES
1. Glucose
Glucose is an important monosaccharide in that it
provides both energy and structure to many
organism
2. Fructose
is a type of sugar found in many fruits and
vegetables and in honey. Fructose is used to sweeten
some diet foods
3. Galactose
Galactose is a monosaccharide produced in many
organisms, especially mammals. Mammals use
galactose in milk, to give energy to their offspring.
Disaccharides are carbohydrates found in many foods and
DISACCHARIDES are often added as sweeteners.
Plants store energy in the form of disaccharides like

sucrose and it is also used for transporting nutrients in the
phloem. Since it is an energy storage source, many plants
such as sugar cane are high in sucrose.
EXAMPLES
Sucrose
Sucrose, commonly known as table sugar in its refined form, is a
disaccharide found in many plants. It is made up of the
monosaccharides glucose and fructose
Maltose
Maltose, also known as malt sugar, is formed from two glucose
molecules. Malt is formed when grains soften and grow in water, and it
is a component of beer
Lactose
Lactose, or milk sugar, is made up of galactose and glucose. The milk
of mammals is high in lactose and provides nutrients for infants.
Polysaccharides can have a wide variety of functions in
POLYSACCHARIDES nature. Some polysaccharides are used for storing
energy, some for sending cellular messages, and others
for providing support to cells and tissues.
All polysaccharides are formed by the same basic process:

monosaccharides are connected via glycosidic bonds.
EXAMPLES
Cellulose and Chitin
Cellulose and chitin are both structural polysaccharides that consist of
many thousand glucose monomers combined in long fibers
Glycogen and Starch

Probably the most important storage polysaccharides on the planet,
glycogen and starch are produced by animals and plants, respectively.
IMPORTANCE OF CARBOHYDRATES
•Carbohydrates are one of the three macronutrients in our
diet (fat and protein being the others). They exist in many
forms and are mainly found in starchy foods such as bread,
pasta, and rice, as well as in some beverages.
•Most of your body cells use the simple carbohydrate glucose

for energy, but your brain is particularly in need of glucose as
an energy source. An important function of carbs is supplying
energy to the brain.
•Another function of carbohydrates is to prevent the

breakdown of proteins for energy.
DIABETES
Is a chronic disease that occurs
when the pancreas is no longer
able to make insulin, or when
the body cannot make good use
of the insulin it produces.
TYPE 1DIABETES
•Type 1 diabetes also known as insulin-
dependent diabetes can develop at any
age, but occurs most frequently in
children and adolescents. When you
have type 1 diabetes, your body
produces very little or no insulin, which
means that you need daily insulin
injections to maintain blood glucose
levels under control.
TYPE 2 DIABETES
Type 2 diabetes also known as noninsulin-
dependent diabetes mellitus is more
common in adults and accounts for around
90% of all diabetes cases. When you have
type 2 diabetes, your body does not make
good use of the insulin that it produces. The
cornerstone of type 2 diabetes treatment is
healthy lifestyle, including increased physical
activity and healthy diet. However, over time
most people with type 2 diabetes will require
oral drugs and/or insulin to keep their blood
glucose levels under control.
GDM
Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a type of
diabetes that consists of high blood
glucose during pregnancy and is
associated with complications to both
mother and child. GDM usually disappears
after pregnancy but women affected and
their children are at increased risk of
developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
ERROR IN METABOLISM OF
CARBOHYDRATES
GALACTOSEMIA
GLYCOGEN STORAGE
DISORDERS
FATTY ACID OXIDATION

DEFECTS
DISORDERS OF
CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
The metabolism of the carbohydrates galactose,

fructose, and glucose is intricately linked through
interactions between different enzymatic
pathways, and disorders that affect these
pathways may have symptoms ranging from mild
to severe or even life-threatening. Clinical
features include various combinations of
hypoglycemia (low blood sugar), liver
enlargement, and muscle pain.
GALACTOSE AND FRUCTOSE
DISORDERS
Galactosemia- usually is caused by a defective component of the

second major step in the metabolism of the sugar galactose.
When galactose is ingested, as in milk, galactose-1-phosphate
accumulates. Therefore, the clinical manifestations of
galactosemia begin when milk feeding is started. If the feeding
is not stopped, infants with the disorder will develop lethargy,
jaundice, progressive liver dysfunction, kidney disease, and
weight loss. They are also susceptible to severe bacterial
infections, especially by Escherichia coli. Cataracts develop if the
diet remains galactose-rich. Intellectual disability occurs in most
infants with galactosemia if the disorder is left untreated or if
treatment is delayed.
GLYCOGEN STORAGE DISORDERS
is a rare condition that changes the way the body

uses and stores glycogen, a form of sugar or glucose.
When an enzyme is missing, glycogen can build up in
the liver or glycogen may not form properly. This can
cause problems in the liver or muscles, or other parts
of the body.
Sources
Disaccharide - Definition, Function and Examples. (2017, April 28).
Retrieved June 21, 2019, from https://biologydictionary.net/disaccharide/
Monosaccharide: Definition, Function, Structure, Examples. (2018, June

05). Retrieved June 21, 2019, from
https://biologydictionary.net/monosaccharide/
Polysaccharide: Definition, Examples, Function and Structure. (2017,

April 29). Retrieved June 21, 2019, from
https://biologydictionary.net/polysaccharide/
Szalay, J. (2014, July 14). Biology for Majors I. Retrieved June 21, 2019,
from https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology1/chapter/reading-
types-of-carbohydrates/
Sources
Szalay, J. (2014, July 14). Biology for Majors I. Retrieved
June 21, 2019, from
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-
biology1/chapter/reading-types-of-carbohydrates/
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CARBOHYD

Errors in metabolism caused by

Carbohydrates are the sugars, starches and fibers found in fruits,

• Most organisms create energy by

• Other monosaccharides are used to form

Plants store energy in the form of disaccharides like

All polysaccharides are formed by the same basic process:

Glycogen and Starch

•Most of your body cells use the simple carbohydrate glucose

•Another function of carbohydrates is to prevent the

FATTY ACID OXIDATION

The metabolism of the carbohydrates galactose,

Galactosemia- usually is caused by a defective component of the

is a rare condition that changes the way the body

Monosaccharide: Definition, Function, Structure, Examples. (2018, June

Polysaccharide: Definition, Examples, Function and Structure. (2017,

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