SEMINAR-II

Department of Civil Engineering

MAULANA AZAD NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
BHOPAL
END TERM EXAM APRIL 2019
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF PELTON TURBINE

Submitted By : Hiren Kachhadiya Submitted To : Dr H.L.Tiwari

Enrollment No. 182111203 Department of Civil Engineering
Branch : Hydropower Engineering
Semester : 2nd (1st year )
 CONTENTS :

 Introduction
 Main Components and their Functions
 Different Layouts of Pelton Turbine
 Design of Pelton Turbine Parameters
 Turbine application chart
 Summary
 References
 INTRODUCTION
 A Pelton wheel is an impulse-type water turbine invented by Lester
Allan Pelton in the 1870s.
 Operates under a high head of water and thus requires a
comparatively less quantity of water.
 All the pressure energy of water is converted into velocity head
with the help of nozzle and the so obtained water with high velocity
strikes the buckets fixed around the wheel.

Fig 1. Pelton turbine

Source : http://next.stanito.com/pelton_turbine_diagram.php
  MAIN COMPONENTS AND THEIR FUNCTIONS
1) Nozzle and Flow Regulating Arrangement :
 The function of the nozzle of a Pelton wheel is to convert the
available pressure energy into high velocity energy in the form of
jet.
 The quantity of water required is proportional to the load on the
turbine. Therefore, to control the flow through the nozzle, is done
by using a spear inside the nozzle
 Spear fixed to the end of a shaft which is operated by governor.
 The spear will move backward and forward in axial direction.

Fig 2.Nozzel with spear to regulate flow

Source : https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/pelton-turbine-parts-working-design-aspects/2894/
 2) Runner and Buckets :
 Runner is a circular disc on the periphery of which a number of buckets
are mounted with equal spacing between them.
 The buckets are either double hemispherical or double ellipsoidal shaped.
 The jet strikes each bucket at this splitter and is divided into two sides,
thus avoiding any unbalanced thrust on the shaft.
 As the splitter takes the full impact of the jet, so it has to be quite strong.
Cast iron used for low heads but for higher heads bronze, stainless steel
are used.
 The buckets can either bolted to a round disc or the buckets and the disc
can be cast as a single unit.

Fig 3. Runner and buckets of pelton wheel

Source : https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/pelton-turbine-parts-working-design-aspects/2894/
 3) Casing :
 The casing does not perform any hydraulic function. However, a
casing is necessary to avoid accidents, splashing of water, to lead
the water to the tailrace and to support the hosing for the bearing
and the nozzle.
 It is made of cast-iron or fabricated steel plates.

Fig 4. Casing of pelton turbine

Source : https://www.google.com/search?q=casing+of+pelton+turbine&source=lnms&tbm
 4) Hydraulic Brake :
 Even after closing the inlet valve, large capacity turbine keeps on
revolving for a considerable period of time due to its inertia.
 It consists of a small nozzle fitted in such a way that on being
opened, it directs a jet on the back of the buckets to bring the
revolving runner quickly to rest
 The least diameter of brake jet has been found to be equal to 0.6
times the least diameter of the main jet.

Fig 5. Components of pelton turbine

Source: https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/pelton-turbine-parts-working-design-aspects/2894
 Different Layouts of Pelton Turbine
1) Arrangements of Jets :
 Generally, Pelton turbines have single jet and horizontal shaft.
 For Pelton turbines with high specific speed, multiple jets are used.

2) Arrangement of Turbine Shaft :

 Horizontal shaft is employed if the number of nozzles is two and
for greater number of jets, vertical arrangement is used.
 Horizontal shaft arrangement preferred for small turbine.
 But for greater no of jets and large turbine it is preferred to use
vertical shaft.

Fig 6. Double jet horizontal shaft pelton turbine

Source:Dr. Jagdishlal, Hydraulic Machines, Nirula Printers, Delhi, 2013
Fig 7. Four jet vertical shaft pelton turbine Fig 8. Six jet vertical shaft pelton turbine
Source: Dr. Jagdishlal, hydraulic machines, nirula printers, delhi, 2013

3) Arrangement of Runner :
 The runner of the turbine as well as the rotor of the generator to be
driven by the turbine are keyed on the same shaft
 In case of Single –Overhung unit, rotor of generator is supported
on two bearings while the turbine runner is keyed on the length of
the shaft overhanging beyond on of the bearing.
 Fig 9. A : Single overhung runner arrangement
 For greater power, two turbine runners are keyed to a single
horizontal shaft. i.e. Double overhung runner arrangement.
 They may be arranged together on one side of the generator and
each of them having its own bearing or one on each of the
projecting end of the shaft.

Fig 9.B : Double overhung runner arrangement

Source: http://www.engineeringenotes.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/clip_image008-39.png
 DESIGN OF PELTON TURBINE PARAMETERS
1. Power Available to Turbine (𝑷𝒂 ) :
𝑃𝑎 = γQH (watts)
Where, H = Hg – Hf
γ is the specific weight of water, in N/m3 ;
Q is the flow rate in m3 /s and
H is the net head in m, acting at the turbine inlet.
Hg is gross head and
Hf is head loss due to friction.
 To obtain the power supplied on the turbine shaft.
i.e., 𝑃𝑡 = 𝑃𝑎 * h𝑜
Where, 𝑃𝑡 = Power supplied by the turbine in watts.
h𝑜 = Overall efficiency of turbine.
2. Nozzle and Jet Diameters :

The least diameter of the free jet which occurs at vena contracta is given by the
𝜋
relation. Q = 4 𝑑1 2 𝑣1
Where, 𝑑1 = Least diameter of jet in m ;
𝑣1 = Velocity of jet in m/s , measured at vena contracta ;
Q = Discharge through jet in 𝑚3 /s ;
Now, 𝑣1 = K𝑣1 2𝑔𝐻
Where, K𝑣1 is co-efficient of velocity of the jet which varies from 0.98 to 0.99.
4𝑄
 Least diameter of jet, 𝑑1 = ;
𝜋𝐾𝑣1 2𝑔 𝐻

substituting average value of K𝑣1= 0.985, and other constant we get ,

𝑄
𝑑1 = 0.5415 * = 0.5415* 𝑄1
𝐻

 Let diameter of the nozzle at the outlet be 𝑑0 . It can be determine as follows ,

Q = 𝑎0 𝑣0 , where 𝑣0 = K𝑣0 2𝑔𝐻
𝑄
The experimental value of K𝑣0 is 0.81 to 0.83 ∴ 𝑎0 =
𝐾𝑣0 2𝑔𝐻
3. Angle of Spear and Nozzle :
 In Europe a = 25° and b = 42°
 In UK, a = 22.5° and b = 28.5°
Where , 2a = angle of spear and
2b = angle of nozzle.

Fig. 10 : Spear, Nozzle and jet schematic diagram

Source: Dr. Jagdishlal, hydraulic machines, nirula printers, delhi, 2013

4. Jet Ratio of Pelton Runner (m) :

It is the ratio of mean diameter of runner to the least diameter of jet.
𝐷1
i.e., m =
𝑑1
 Jet ratio is an important feature of pelton turbine. It is, genrally, used
instead of specific speed in the selection and design of pelton turbines,
 In modern pelton turbines value of ‘m’ ranges from 10 to 30.
5. Minimum No. of Buckets (Z) :
 Dr.Taygen’s emperical relation is Z = 0.5m + 15. This equation
holds good for all values of ‘m’ from 6 to 35.
6. Mean Diameter of Pelton Runner (𝐷1 ) :
 Circumferential velocity of a bucket is 𝑢1 = 𝐾 𝑢1 2𝑔𝐻
𝐾 𝑢1 is known as Speed Ratio (𝐾 𝑢1 = 0.44 to 0.46 )
N𝜋𝐷1
 𝑢1 is calculated as 𝑢1 = m/s .
60
60𝐾 𝑢1 2𝑔𝐻
So 𝐷1 = , taking average value of 𝐾 𝑢1 = 0.45
N𝜋
𝐻 𝐻
∴ 𝐷1 = 84.5*0.45* = 38.6
N N

Table 1 : Experimental value of 𝑲 𝒖𝟏 corresponding to Maximum Efficiency

Source: Dr. Jagdishlal, hydraulic machines, nirula printers, delhi, 2013
7. Bucket Dimensions :

 Length L = 2.3 to 2.8 times 𝑑1

 Width B = 2.8 to 3.2 times 𝑑1
 Depth T = 0.6 to 0.9 times 𝑑1

 Inlet angle 𝛽1 to 

 Outlet angle 𝛽2 

Section I 𝛽2 = 30° to 40°
Section II 𝛽2 = 20° to 30°
Section III 𝛽2 = 10° to 20°
Section IV 𝛽2 = 5° to 10°
Section V 𝛽2 = 0° to 5°

Source: Dr. Jagdishlal, hydraulic machines, nirula printers, delhi, 2013

Fig. 11 : Construction of Pelton Runner Blade

8.Selection of Speed:
If the speed of the turbine made higher, then,
a) Specific speed will increases.
Advantages:
 The size of the turbine will become smaller and hence it will less
costly.
 The jet diameter will decrease. Reduction in jet diameter will raise
the jet ratio and enhance the runner efficiency.
Disadvantages:
 Need multi-jets with which the governing becomes complicated
and more expensive.
b) The speed of directly coupled generator will increase. This means
that smaller number of pair of poles are required and hence the
generator will also be less costly.
c) Material employed for high speed machines (turbine and generator)
will be costly, as high speed causes great stresses in revolving parts.
9. Runaway Speed :
It is speed at no load condition. i.e., u = v
60𝑢𝑁
 For normal operation 𝑁𝑁 = , 𝑢𝑁 = 𝐾 𝑢1 2𝑔𝐻
𝜋𝐷
60𝑢𝑅
 For no load operation 𝑁𝑅 = , 𝑢𝑅 = v = 𝐾 𝑣1 2𝑔𝐻
𝜋𝐷

60𝐾 𝑣1 2𝑔𝐻 𝜋𝐷 𝐾
So
𝑁𝑅
= * = 𝑣1 = 2.13
𝑁𝑁 𝜋𝐷 60𝐾 𝑢1 2𝑔𝐻 𝐾 𝑢1

 Theoretically it is 2.1 to 2.2 , but practically speed ratio is 1.8 to 1.9

10. Velocity Triangles :
 𝛼1 = 8° to 20°.
 𝑢1 = 𝑢2 since 𝑟1 = 𝑟2
 𝑤1 = 𝑤2 Assuming no friction
losses at the blades.

Fig 4.1 Practical shape of Velocity Triangles Drawn at Bucket Section

Source : Dr. Jagdishlal, hydraulic machines, nirula printers, delhi, 2013
 When to use a Pelton turbine :

Fig 12 : Turbine application chart

Source: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Turbine/applicationchart_fig_257179
 SUMMARY :
 To derive more power, multiple jets 2 to 6 may be used, but no of jets
should be even no.
 In modern pelton turbines value of ‘m’( jet ratio) ranges from 10 to 30.
 No of bucket is calculated by empirical relation given by Dr.Taygen’s
formula.
 On the basis of head criteria from 150 m to more than 150 m pelton
turbine is applicable below that we are using reaction turbines.
 On the basis of specific speed criteria pelton turbine range is 10 to 60 in
MKS system. 10 to 35 for pelton wheel with single jet and from 35 to 60
is for pelton wheel with two or more jet.
 If the speed of the turbine made higher, then the size of the turbine will
become smaller and hence it will less costly. The jet diameter will
decrease. Reduction in jet diameter will raise the jet ratio and enhance the
runner efficiency.
 In pelton turbine no need of draft tube, i.e., no role of cavitation problem
in pelton turbine.
 REFERENCES
 X. Liu, Y. Luo, B. W. Karney, and W. Wang, “A selected literature review of efficiency
improvements in hydraulic turbines,” Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev., vol. 51, pp. 18–28, 2015.
 L. Gudukeya and C. Mbohwa, “Improving the Efficiencies of Pelton Wheel in Micro- Hydro Power
Plants,” Proc. Int. Conf. Ind. Eng. Oper. Manag., p. 12, 2017.
 H. Jeon, J. H. Park, Y. Shin, and M. Choi, “Friction loss and energy recovery of a Pelton turbine
for different spear positions,” Renew. Energy, vol. 123, pp. 273–280, 2018.
 C. Zeng , “Hydraulic performance prediction of a prototype four-nozzle Pelton turbine by entire flow
path simulation,” Renew. Energy, vol. 125, pp. 270–282, 2018.
 V. Gupta, V. Prasad, and R. Khare, “Numerical simulation of six jet Pelton turbine model,” Energy,
2016.
 T. Staubli, P. Weibel, C. Bissel, A. Karakolcu, and U. Bleiker, “Efficiency Increase By Jet Quality
Improvement And Reduction Of Splashing Water In The Casing Of Pelton Turbines Introduction,”
Research Gate, pp. 1–12, 2010.
 Dr. Jagdishlal, Hydraulic Machines, Delhi: Nirula Printers, 2013.
 http://next.stanito.com/pelton_turbine_diagram.php
 https://theconstructor.org/practical-guide/pelton-turbine-parts-working-design-aspects/2894/
 https://http://www.engineeringenotes.com/wpcontent/uploads/2018/06/clip_image008-39.png
THANK YOU