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    Stress Faults and Folds

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    Joseph Guerrero
    The document discusses crustal deformation, stress, faults, and folds. It explains that plate tectonics causes crustal deformation as thicker crust sinks into the mantle while thinner crust rises. This movement to reach isostatic balance is called isostatic adjustment and causes three types of stress in rocks - compression, tension, and shearing. Compression squeezes rocks together while tension pulls them apart. Shearing pushes rocks in opposite directions, bending and breaking them. The results are folding, where rocks bend without breaking, and faulting, where rocks break. There are different types of folds like anticlines and synclines. Faults include normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip faults.

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    Stress Faults and Folds

    Uploaded by

    Joseph Guerrero
    42 views27 pages
    The document discusses crustal deformation, stress, faults, and folds. It explains that plate tectonics causes crustal deformation as thicker crust sinks into the mantle while thinner crust rises. This movement to reach isostatic balance is called isostatic adjustment and causes three types of stress in rocks - compression, tension, and shearing. Compression squeezes rocks together while tension pulls them apart. Shearing pushes rocks in opposite directions, bending and breaking them. The results are folding, where rocks bend without breaking, and faulting, where rocks break. There are different types of folds like anticlines and synclines. Faults include normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip faults.

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    Lecture about Stress Faults and Folds

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    The document discusses crustal deformation, stress, faults, and folds. It explains that plate tectonics causes crustal deformation as thicker crust sinks into the mantle while thinner crust rises. This movement to reach isostatic balance is called isostatic adjustment and causes three types of stress in rocks - compression, tension, and shearing. Compression squeezes rocks together while tension pulls them apart. Shearing pushes rocks in opposite directions, bending and breaking them. The results are folding, where rocks bend without breaking, and faulting, where rocks break. There are different types of folds like anticlines and synclines. Faults include normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip faults.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    42 views27 pages

    Stress Faults and Folds

    Uploaded by

    Joseph Guerrero
    The document discusses crustal deformation, stress, faults, and folds. It explains that plate tectonics causes crustal deformation as thicker crust sinks into the mantle while thinner crust rises. This movement to reach isostatic balance is called isostatic adjustment and causes three types of stress in rocks - compression, tension, and shearing. Compression squeezes rocks together while tension pulls them apart. Shearing pushes rocks in opposite directions, bending and breaking them. The results are folding, where rocks bend without breaking, and faulting, where rocks break. There are different types of folds like anticlines and synclines. Faults include normal, reverse, thrust, and strike-slip faults.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 27

    STRESS, FAULTS, AND FOLDS

     Deformation is the bending, tilting, and


    breaking of the Earth’s crust.
     Plate tectonics is the major cause of crustal
    deformation.
    Thicker and
    heavier crust
    sink deeper
    into the mantle
    where thinner
    and lighter
    crust will rise
    higher on the
    mantle.
    Thicker and heavier crust sink deeper into
    the mantle where thinner and lighter crust
    will rise higher on the mantle.

    Mountain ranges erodes


    Thicker and heavier crust sink deeper into the
    mantle where thinner and lighter crust will rise
    higher on the mantle.
    Thicker and heavier crust sink deeper into the
    mantle where thinner and lighter crust will rise
    higher on the mantle.

    Glaciers melt, so the crust rises


    The up and down movement of crust is balanced
    by two pressures. One is the crust pressing
    down and the other is the mantle pushing up.
    The balancing of these two forces is called
    isostasy.
     The up and down
    movement of the
    crust to reach
    isostasy is called
    isostatic
    adjustment.
     During this
    adjustment the
    rocks in the crust
    are bent causing
    deformation.
    There are 3 basic kinds of stress that the isostatic
    adjustment causes, compression, tension, and
    shearing.
    Compression occurs when crustal rocks are
    squeezed together.
    Compression occurs when crustal rocks are
    squeezed together.
    Tension is the force that pulls rocks apart.
    Here rocks tend to become thinner.
    Shearing pushes rocks in opposite directions.
    Sheared rocks bend, twist and break.
    The results of stress are folding and
    faulting.
    When a rock has stress put on it and does not
    break it is called folding. Folds appear as wave-
    like structures in rock layers. Some folds are
    small and can be seen in individual rocks and
    some folds are huge and can only be seen from
    the air.
    The 3 general types of folds are anticlines,
    which are upcurved folds where the oldest
    rock layers are in the center,
    synclines which are downcurved fold in
    which the youngest layers are in the center
    and monoclines in which both ends stay
    horizontal but one side is lower than the other.
    Rocks don’t always bend, sometimes they
    break. When the rock moves and breaks it
    is called a fault.
    There are several different kinds of faults.
    There are two sides to a fault. The side that
    is above the fault plane is called the
    hanging wall.

    Hanging Wall
    When the hanging wall moves down it is
    called a normal fault. Normal faults occur
    in places where there is tension or the rocks
    are being pulled apart.
    When the hanging wall moves up it is called
    a reverse fault. Reverse faults are caused
    by compressional forces.
    A low angle reverse fault is called a thrust
    fault because one side is being thrust onto
    the other.
    The last type of faults are called strike-slip
    faults. Strike-slip faults slide horizontally
    past one another.
    If you are looking across to the other side of a strike-slip
    fault and that side moves to the left of you it is called a
    left lateral strike-slip fault. Strike-slip faults occur in and
    around transform plate boundaries like where we live
    near the San Andreas fault. This is also where shearing
    takes place.

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