EE 4103 Power System Analysis II: Md. Rezaur Raihan

EE 4103 Power System Analysis II
Md. Rezaur Raihan
References:
Thyristor-based Facts Controllers For Electrical Transmission
Systems by R. Mohan Mathur and Rajiv K. Varma
FLEXIBLE AC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM (FACTS)
The FACTS is a concept based on power-electronic controllers, which

enhance the value of transmission networks by increasing the use of their
capacity. As these controllers operate very fast, they enlarge the safe
operating limits of a transmission system without risking stability.
An operator should be able to control power flows on lines to secure the

highest safety margin as well as transmit electrical power at a minimum of
operating cost within the operating constraints.
The very fast power controllability in HVDC systems made them

candidates for special applications in back-to-back configurations to
control the power exchange between the networks they linked.
The rapid control of power led to the added use of HVDC links for
enhancing transient stability of connected systems through active-power
damping.
Principles and Applications of Semiconductor Switches
Such a switch may be employed per

phase to connect or disconnect a shunt-
circuit element, such as a capacitor or
reactor, or to short-circuit a series
connected–circuit element, such as a
capacitor.
Shunt combinations of thyristor-controlled reactors (TCRs) and
thyristor-switched capacitors (TSCs) yield static var compensators
(SVCs).
Thyristor switches may be used for shorting

capacitors; hence they find application in step
changes of series compensation of transmission
lines.
An alternative to a thyristor-controlled
SVC is a GTO-based VSC that uses
charged capacitors as the input dc source
and produces a 3-phase ac voltage output
in synchronism and in phase with the ac
system. The converter is connected in
shunt to a bus by means of the
impedance of a coupling transformer.
A control on the output voltage of this converter—lower or higher

than the connecting bus voltage—controls the reactive power
drawn from or supplied to the connected bus. This FACTS
controller is known as a static compensator (STATCOM).
The use of voltage-source converters to

inject a voltage by way of series-
connected transformers leads to another
interesting group of FACTS controllers:
the SSSCs, which inject voltages to
compensate for the line-reactance voltage
drops.
The reactive drop of a line is partly compensated by an SSSC, it

amounts to reducing the line reactance, or in other words, it is akin
to controlled series compensation. The injected voltage in the line
is independent of the line current.
The functions of an
SSSC and a STATCOM,
in fact, may be
combined to produce a
unified power-flow
controller (UPFC).
a UPFC offers a fast, controllable FACTS device for the flow of

combined active–reactive power in a line.
There are FACTS controllers classified as power-conditioning

equipment which are employed as battery-energy–storage systems
(BESSs) or superconducting magnetic-energy–storage (SMES)
systems.
The Thyristor-Controlled Series Capacitor (TCSC) (Chapter 7)
Shunt vs Series Compensation
For achieving the same system benefits as those of series capacitors,

shunt capacitors that are three to six times more reactive power–
rated than series capacitors
Even though series capacitors are almost twice as costly as shunt

capacitors (per-unit var) because of their higher operating voltages,
the overall cost of series compensation is lower than shunt
compensation.
Need for Variable-Series Compensation
1. Enhanced base-power flow and loadability of the series-

compensated line;
2. Additional losses in the compensated line from the enhanced
power flow;
and
3. Increased responsiveness of power flow in the series-compensated
line
Disadvantages like enhanced losses and increasing order of

sensitivity can be eliminated by using variable
compensation instead of fixed compensation
TCSC Controller
The MOV limit the voltage

across the capacitor and
allows the capacitor to
remain in circuit even
during fault conditions
and helps improve the
transient stability.
If the TCSC valves are

required to operate in the
fully “ON” mode for
prolonged durations, the
conduction losses are
minimized by installing an
ultra–high-speed contact
(UHSC) across the valve.
Operation of TCSC Controller
The principle of variable-series
compensation is simply to increase
the fundamental-frequency voltage
across an fixed capacitor (FC) in a series
compensated line through appropriate
variation of the firing angle.
This enhanced voltage

changes the effective
value of the series-
capacitive reactance.
The behavior of the TCSC is similar to that of the parallel LC

combination. The difference is that theLC-combination analysis is
based on the presence of pure sinusoidal voltage and current in the
circuit.
Modes of Operation
a. The bypassed-thyristor mode;

b. The blocked-thyristor mode;
c. The partially conducting thyristor (capacitive-vernier) mode.
d. The partially conducting thyristor (inductive-vernier) mode.

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EE 4103 Power System Analysis II

Md. Rezaur Raihan

The FACTS is a concept based on power-electronic controllers, which

An operator should be able to control power flows on lines to secure the

The very fast power controllability in HVDC systems made them

Such a switch may be employed per

Thyristor switches may be used for shorting

A control on the output voltage of this converter—lower or higher

The use of voltage-source converters to

The reactive drop of a line is partly compensated by an SSSC, it

a UPFC offers a fast, controllable FACTS device for the flow of

There are FACTS controllers classified as power-conditioning

Shunt vs Series Compensation

For achieving the same system benefits as those of series capacitors,

Even though series capacitors are almost twice as costly as shunt

1. Enhanced base-power flow and loadability of the series-

Disadvantages like enhanced losses and increasing order of

The MOV limit the voltage

If the TCSC valves are

This enhanced voltage

The behavior of the TCSC is similar to that of the parallel LC

a. The bypassed-thyristor mode;

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