ADVANCED POWER SYSTEM - I

Classify FACTS devices and explain any one in detail. Discuss advantages of FACTS. What are the advantages offered by FACTS devices? What are the emerging trends in transmission networks? Explain UPFC control with neat schematic diagram. Explain different methods of Reactive power control. Discuss in brief various sources and sinks of reactive power in power system. Explain conventional methods of real power control in the transmission line. For a lossless distributed parameter symmetrical line, derive the equation for the midpoint voltage on the line in terms of wave number and surge impedance of the line. Also draw graph for the voltage distribution, midpoint voltage v and load angle . What is the requirement of reactive power in a transmission system? Compare series and shunt compensation. What is meant by compensation? Discuss shunt and series compensation in power system. Explain load compensation and system compensation with the help of phasor diagram. Give general characteristics of static var compensator. Give configuration and application of synchronous condensers. Explain construction and operating characteristics of saturated reactor with neat diagram. What is AGC? How primary and secondary control in AGC works? Also explain transformer tap changer control. What is synchronous condenser? What are its applications? Compare synchronous condenser and static capacitor for reactive power compensation. Explain working of STATCOM with schematic diagram. Explain conventional methods of reactive power control in the transmission line. Sketch and explain characteristics of an ideal & realistic Static VAR System(SVS). Compare different SVCs. Explain modeling of thyristor controlled reactor (TCR) in details with necessary expressions and usual notations. Explain operating characteristics of thyristor controlled reactor (TCR). What is TSC-TCR? How can it be differentiated from FC-TCR? Explain operating characteristics of TSC-TCR. Explain operating characteristics of FC-TCR. Explain about Mechanically Switched Capacitor-Thyristor-Controlled Reactor(MSCTCR). Sketch basic single phase unit and three phase unit of thyristor switched capacitor (TSC). Explain how TSC improves voltage profile in power system with the help of its characteristics. Discuss in brief: (i) Different types of HVDC links (ii) Equipments for a typical HVDC transmission scheme. State advantages of HVDC transmission over EHVAC transmission for bulk power transmission. Compare EHVAC and HVDC transmission system. What are the standard rated voltages for HVDC and EHVAC systems?

 Explain schematic diagram of HVDC substation and explain working of each component in brief. What are the equipments required in HVDC system? Discuss the reliability aspect of HVDC system. What are the requirements of an ideal control system for HVDC link? Draw and explain the diagram of hierarchical control scheme for a HVDC link. Compare HVDC power transmission with current source converter (CSC) and voltage source converter (VSC). Prove that power transmitted by bipolar DC line is same as that of 3 phase AC line with necessary assumptions. Explain working of TCR. Draw wave forms of voltage and current for different values of . Develop the complete equivalent circuit of an HVDC link and obtain an expression for the current in the DC link as

Analyze 12-pulse converter. Sketch the current waveform of the transformer secondary line current of a 12 pulse converter. Derive expressions for PIV and PPR for 12 pulse converter. Give schematic diagram of 12 pulse converter. Explain different conduction modes. Explain conduction sequence in 6-pulse converter configuration used for HVDC system. For 6-pulse converter, derive equivalent circuit for rectifier and inverter for an HVDC power transmission system with usual expressions. Obtain the expression for PIV, peak-to-peak ripple and valve volt-ampere rating in a 6-pulse Graetzs converter circuit. How compounding of rectifiers can be done? Explain current compounding of an inverter. What is the principle of HVDC voltage source converter? Explain in detail with relevant diagrams. What is a HVDC-VSC system? Give single line diagram of the system. Write comparison between the classical HVDC and HVDC-VSC system. Derive the equations for power flow in an HVDC link. How are the losses estimated? What is IGBT? Draw its symbol and discuss important features of IGBT. List reason for selection of IGBT for VSC based HVDC conversion. Explain the turn-on/turn-off mechanism with series connected IGBTs. Give the typical on/off voltage and current waveforms. What is the importance of harmonic study in HVDC system? How the harmonics are generated by transformers and converters? Write a short note on causes and consequences of harmonics in HVDC system. Identify the various sources for generation of harmonics in HVDC system. Discuss various adverse effects caused due to the presence of harmonics. State the important basic controls required for the operation of HVDC systems and explain how they work and maintain system stability under abnormal conditions. Explain about Inverter Extinction Angle Control (EAG). What are its limitations under asymmetrical fault? Give a neat diagram of the basic control system for HVDC converters and explain various controls incorporated in the system.

 Distinguish between delay in firing angle() and extinction angle() of an HVDC converter. Explain the operation a converter when working as an inverter, and state the necessary conditions required for inverter operation. With relevant diagram explain operation of IPC schemes employed in control schemes of firing circuit of HVDC station. Explain operation of cosine control of phase delay used in above schemes. State differences in power control in HVDC and HVAC system. Explain the necessity of power control in an HVDC link. Show that in a 3-phase bridge rectifier operating with no delay and with 60 overlap, the direct current is one-half of the crest value of line-to-line short circuit on the secondary side of the transformer bank. An existing 400 kV, 3-phase AC line transmitting power of 100 MW is converted into bipolar DC line. Compute the DC voltage per pole and DC line loss in kW if the resistance of each conductor is 0.01 . Assume power factor of 0.9 lagging. Also comment on the insulation to be provided for DC line in comparison with that of AC line. If Vg-Ig characteristics of an SCR is assumed to be a straight line passing through the origin, with a gradient of 3*10+3. Calculate the required gate source resistance, given that Eg = 10V and allowable gate power dissipation is 0.012W. A bipolar two terminal HVDC link is delivering 1000 MW at 500 kV at the receiving end. The total losses in the DC circuit are 50 MW. Calculate the following: (i) Sending end power (ii) Sending end voltage (iii) Power in the middle of the line (iv) Voltage in the middle of the line (v) Total resistance of the DC circuit A 500 kV, 2000 MW HVDC converter operates as a 12-pulse unit. Assuming full conduction and no losses, calculate (i) Transformer secondary line to line voltage(rms) (ii) Peak to peak ripple (iii) PIV of the valves and (iv) Transformer line current. An HVDC bipolar link using 6-pulse converter is supplying power of 500 MW at 100 kV. The rectifier station is working at a delay angle = 15. Estimate (a) No-load DC voltage, (b) AC voltage on the converter side of the transformer, (c) Transformer secondary rating, (d) Peak inverse voltage, (e) Peak-to-peak ripple and (f) Current on the secondary side of the converter transformer. An HVDC link delivers DC power with AC line voltage to the rectifier being 230 kV and that at the inverter being 220 kV. The current order of the rectifier is 1000 A and that of the inverter is 900 A. Estimate the delay/extinction angle of the rectifier/inverter when the DC voltage at the inverter end is 250 kV. Assume the DC resistance of the line as 20 . Calculate the secondary line voltage of the transformer 3-phase bridge rectifier to provide a DC voltage of 100kV. Assume = 30 and =15. What is effective reactance XL, if the rectifier gives 600A of DC output current?