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BasIc Structure of Computer

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Basic Structure of

Computers

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Computer Types:
Modern computers can be
divided roughly into four
general categories:

1. Embedded Computers
 Used for a specific
purposed rather than for
general processing tasks.

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Computer Types:
2. Personal Computers
 Used for dedicated
individual use such as
general computation,
document preparation,
computer-aided design,
audio-visual
entertainment,
interpersonal
communication, and
Internet browsing.

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Computer Types:
3. Servers and Enterprise
Systems
 Large computers shared
by a potentially large
number of users who
access them from some
form of personal
computer over a public or
private network.

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Computer Types:
4. Supercomputers and
Grid Computers
 Offers the highest
performance and are the
most expensive and
physically the largest
category of computers.

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


What is Cloud Computing?
 Where the personal
computer users access
widely distributed
computing and storage
server resources for
individual, independent,
computing needs through
the Internet.

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:

Five Parts:
1. Input
2. Memory
3. Arithmetic and Logic
4. Output
5. Control Units

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
1. Input Unit
 Accepts coded information from
human operation.

2. Memory Unit
 Is the location where the information
received is stored.

3. Arithmetic and Logic


 The processing steps are specified by
a program that is also stored in the
memory.

4. Output Unit
 Where the result are sent back to the
outside world.

5. Control Unit
 Coordinates all actions.

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Information Categories:
 Instructions  Data
 Machine Instruction  Numbers and
 Govern the transfer of characters that are used
information within a as operands by
computer as well as instructions
between the computer
and its I/O devices
 Specify the arithmetic
and logic operations to
be performed

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Input Unit
 Accepts coded
information
 Most common input
device is the keyboard,
touchpad, mouse,
joystick, microphones
etc.

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Memory Unit
 Primary/Main Memory
 Fast memory that
operates at electronic
speed
 Consists of a large
numbers of
semiconductor storage
cells representing one
bit of information
 Read or written in a
fixed size called words
 Address – provides
easy access to any
word in a memory,
provides location of a
word

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Memory Unit
 RAM
 Any location cam be
accessed in a short
and fixed amount of
time
 Memory access time
 Required to access
one word
 Ranges from
nanoseconds to
about 100
nanoseconds

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Cache Memory
 Smaller and faster RAM
unit
 Holds sections of
program that are
currently being executed
 At the program
execution, cache is
empty
 During execution,
instruction are fetched
and placed in the cache

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Secondary Storage
 Primary storage is
expensive and does not
retain information when
power is turned OFF.
 Less expensive and used
for less frequently
accessed information
 Longer access times
 E.g magnetic disk, DVD,
CD, and flash memory
device

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
(ALU)
 Performs addition,
subtraction,
multiplication and
division or comparison
of numbers
 Operands are brought
to the processor
 Stored in high-speed
storage elements
known as registers

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:

Output Units
 Counterpart of the
input unit
 Send process results to
the outside world

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Function Units:
Control Units
 Coordinates the
operation of the other
units
 Is the nerve center
that sends control
signals to the other
units and senses their
states
 Generates timing
signals that govern the
transfers

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Basic Operation Concept:
Activity is governed by instructions
Load R2 (LOC)
• Reads the contents of a memory location (LOC) and
loads them to the processor register (R2)
• LOC data are preserved and R2 data are overwritten
Add R4, R2, R3
• R4= R2 + R3
• R4 data are overwritten with the addition result
Store R4, LOC
• LOC data are overwritten

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol


Basic Operation Concept:
Processor Registers
• Instruction Register
- Holds the current instruction that is executed
• Program Counter
- Contains the memory address of the next instruction to
be fetched and executed
• General Purpose Registers
- Can hold operands for processing and other variety of
functions

Prepared by: Dennis J. Tabucol

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