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    Anemia: Shannen Kate N. Tercenio PM401

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    Shannen Kate Tercenio
    Anemia is a common blood disorder where the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood falls below normal levels. It occurs due to a deficiency in iron, which is essential for producing hemoglobin to carry oxygen in red blood cells. Common symptoms include pale skin, weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Anemia is diagnosed through blood tests and treated by addressing the underlying cause, taking iron supplements, and eating an iron-rich diet. The most frequent type is iron deficiency anemia, while other types include pernicious, folic acid deficiency, aplastic, hemolytic, and sickle cell anemia. Risk factors include heavy menstruation, pregnancy, poor nutrition, blood loss, and genetic

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    Anemia: Shannen Kate N. Tercenio PM401

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    Shannen Kate Tercenio
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    Anemia is a common blood disorder where the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood falls below normal levels. It occurs due to a deficiency in iron, which is essential for producing hemoglobin to carry oxygen in red blood cells. Common symptoms include pale skin, weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Anemia is diagnosed through blood tests and treated by addressing the underlying cause, taking iron supplements, and eating an iron-rich diet. The most frequent type is iron deficiency anemia, while other types include pernicious, folic acid deficiency, aplastic, hemolytic, and sickle cell anemia. Risk factors include heavy menstruation, pregnancy, poor nutrition, blood loss, and genetic

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    Anemia is a common blood disorder where the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood falls below normal levels. It occurs due to a deficiency in iron, which is essential for producing hemoglobin to carry oxygen in red blood cells. Common symptoms include pale skin, weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Anemia is diagnosed through blood tests and treated by addressing the underlying cause, taking iron supplements, and eating an iron-rich diet. The most frequent type is iron deficiency anemia, while other types include pernicious, folic acid deficiency, aplastic, hemolytic, and sickle cell anemia. Risk factors include heavy menstruation, pregnancy, poor nutrition, blood loss, and genetic

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    56 views22 pages

    Anemia: Shannen Kate N. Tercenio PM401

    Uploaded by

    Shannen Kate Tercenio
    Anemia is a common blood disorder where the concentration of hemoglobin in the blood falls below normal levels. It occurs due to a deficiency in iron, which is essential for producing hemoglobin to carry oxygen in red blood cells. Common symptoms include pale skin, weakness, fatigue, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Anemia is diagnosed through blood tests and treated by addressing the underlying cause, taking iron supplements, and eating an iron-rich diet. The most frequent type is iron deficiency anemia, while other types include pernicious, folic acid deficiency, aplastic, hemolytic, and sickle cell anemia. Risk factors include heavy menstruation, pregnancy, poor nutrition, blood loss, and genetic

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 22

    ANEMIA

    Shannen Kate N. Tercenio


    PM401
    ANEMIA
    • Common blood disorder
    • Occurs when the concentration of hemoglobin in
    the blood falls the normal range for the age and
    gender of an individual.
    • Deficiency in iron in the diet results in low levels of
    hemoglobin
    • HEMOGLOBIN is the component of red blood cells
    that carries oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
    and IRON is an essential component of it.
    SIGNS AND
    SYMPTOMS
    • Pale skin
    • Weakness
    • Fatigue
    • Dizziness or Fainting
    • Fast or irregular heartbeat
    • Feeling cold
    • Shortness of Breath
    • Spoon Nails
    • Inability to concentrate or think clearly
    • Chest pain
    • Sexual dysfunction
    Treatment

    • Appetite enhancers
    • Hematopoeitic agents
    • Infant Nutritional products
    • Vitamins and Minerals
    - Preparations contain iron , folic acid,
    Vitamin B6 and B12
    • Parental iron preparations
    - Iron dextran, iron sorbitol and etc.
    DIAGNOSIS

    A Complete blood count (CBC), a A medical and family history that


    blood test that measures all the can indicate whether you've
    different components of your become anemic due to illness or
    blood. a genetic condition.

    A physical exam that can tell Other blood tests that will check
    whether your breathing or for iron or vitamin deficiencies
    heartbeat has become irregular and look more closely at your red
    due to anemia. blood cells and hemoglobin.
    NON PHARMACOLOGICAL
    TREATMENT

    • Eat balanced diet that includes


    IRON RICH FOODS. e.g.fruits, lean
    meat, beans whole grain bread
    and leafy vegetables
    • Eat foods with high FOLIC ACID
    and VIT B12. ex: fish, dairy
    products , meats, legumes, dark
    leaf vegetables and whole grains.
    • Drink plenty of WATER
    WHAT TO AVOID
    • Coffee and tea
    • Consumption of alcohol
    • Too much iron
    • Exposure to insecticides and petrol products

    Note:
    Inform patients that iron may turn stools black, but this is harmless side
    effects
    EPIDEMIOLOGY
    • About 3.5 million people in America alone are suffering from this
    disease. Anemia has different stages and severity. According to a
    report issued by the WHO, out of the total population on earth,
    24.8% is affected by anemia. The highest prevalence is in toddlers and
    pre-school children and the lowest rate is in men.
    Pathophysiology
    NORMAL VALUES
    DEFINITION OF
    TERMS
    • Anemia- weakness, fatigue, and paleness resulting
    from a deficiency of red blood cells or insufficient
    amounts of hemoglobin molecules within the red cells.
    • Erythrocytes –relatively large red cells in blood that
    transport oxygen from the lungs to all of the living
    tissues of the body. Normally, 40-45% of human blood
    volume consists of erythrocytes.
    • Hemoglobin - the gas transporting protein molecule
    that normally makes up 95% of the volume of red cells
    in blood.
    • Stem cells- embryonic cells that have not yet become
    specialized tissue cells. They potentially can develop
    into any type of tissue in the body. Children and adults
    retain somewhat specialized stem cells in their bone
    marrow. These stem cells are the source of the major
    blood cells--erythrocytes, leukocytes, and
    thrombocytes (platelets).
    TYPES OF ANEMIA
    • IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
    - which the most common type of anemia caused by the
    shortage of stored iron in the body
    Is the patients one of the ff:
    • Pregnant or lactating
    • Female with heavy menstrual flow
    • Adolescent in rapid spurt
    • With GI problems
    • Receiving poor nutrition
    TYPES OF ANEMIA
    • Pernicious anemia
    -occurs when a person lacks a substance (intrinsic factor) that is absorb and process VITAMIN B12.
    It is hereditary or acquired by gastrectomy and usually occurs in elderly.
    Does patients experience any of the ff:
    • Reduced exercise endurance
    • Loss of appetite
    • Memory loss
    • Weight loss
    • Disturbed gait and balance
    • Muscle weakness
    TYPES OF ANEMIA
    • FOLIC ACID DEFICIENCY ANEMIA
    - characterized by abnormally large but few
    red blood cells (megoblastic).
    Is the patient any of the following?
    • Alcoholic
    • Taking medication e.g. anticonvulsant
    • Having malabsorption problems
    • Poor diet
    TYPES OF ANEMIA
    • APLASTIC ANEMIA
    - which is a life threatening
    type of anemia caused by a
    decrease in the bone marrow’s
    ability to produce all three types
    of blood cells: red blood cells,
    white blood cells and platelets.
    Is the patient one of the
    following?
    • Undergoing chemotherapy or
    radiation therapy
    • Exposed to environmental
    toxins
    • Have infectious disease
    • Taking excessive antibiotics
    • Pregnant
    TYPES OF ANEMIA
    • HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
    - Develops when red blood cells
    are destroyed faster than the
    bone marrow can replace them
    Does the patient have any of the
    following?
    • Jaundice
    • Pain in the upper abdomen
    • Severe reaction to blood
    transfusion
    • Leg ulcers and pain
    TYPES OF ANEMIA
    • SICKLE CELL ANEMIA
    - is caused by a defective form of
    hemoglobin that forces RBC’s to assume
    an abnormal crescent ( sickle) shape. This
    are irregular shaped red blood cells die
    prematurely, which results in shortage of
    RBC’s.
    Does the patient have any of the
    following?
    • Sudden pain throughout the body
    • Swelling of the hands
    • Persistent fever (>38.3 degree Celsius)
    and headache not experience
    previously.
    • Abdominal pain with nausea and
    vomiting
    RISK FACTORS

    Poor
    Teenage
    socioeconomic Multiparity
    Pregnancy
    class

    Menstrual Bone marrow Dietary


    Problem suppression Inadequacy
    CLINICAL
    MANIFESTATION

    • Several factors influence the development of


    anemia- associated symptoms:
    • The rapidity with which the anemia has
    developed
    • The duration of anemia ( ex: Chronicity)
    • The metabolic requirements of the client,
    other concurrent disorders or disabilities and
    complications or concomitant features of the
    condition that produces anemia
    CONCLUSION

    • Anemias are common clinical problems with


    various and varied causes. Understanding
    the normal physiologic processes of RBC
    production and destruction is crucial to
    elucidate the pathogenesis of anemia.
    REFERENCES
    • https://www2.palomar.edu/anthro/blood/glossary.htm
    • https://www.organsofthebody.com/health/iron-deficiency-anemia-
    diagnosis.php
    • https://slideplayer.com/slide/10551170/

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