Module 2.

Unfolding the
Biological Self

Your understanding of your inner self holds the meaning of your life Click Here to Start
Unfolding the Biological Self
© 2018

Course Details Assessments

Modules Resources
 Module 2.
Unfolding the
Biological Self

Your understanding of your inner self holds the meaning of your life Click Here to Start
Module 2. Unfolding the
Biological Self

Module Objectives
To introduce the different biological processes
that shape our Self. This will introduce the
physical dimensions as well as the sexual
characteristics representing oneself.
Module 2. Unfolding the
Biological Self
This module focuses on two important
representations of the self: the physical and
sexual self. This specifically discusses the
characteristics and the factors that shape and Unit 2. The Sexual Dimension
influence our physical attributes. Also, a of the Self
thorough discussion on sexual development
and characterization shall be tackled in this This unit will explain sexual
section. characteristics, attributes, and
orientation of adolescents and
Unit 1. The Physical Dimension of the adults. Further, it will tackle
Self gender identity, sexual
behavior and its
This unit identifies and explains the consequences, and managing
biological and environmental factors that sexual behavior.
shape one’s physical self. It will also delve
into socio-cultural issues associated with
physical well-being.
Click Here to Begin
Unit 1. The Physical Dimension of the Self
This unit identifies and explains the biological and
environmental factors that shape one’s physical
self. It will also delve into socio-cultural issues
associated with

Intended learning outcomes

At the end of this Unit, students are expected to

demonstrate the following:

1. Discuss and elaborate the concepts associated with heredity and maturation.

2. Identify biological and environmental factors that shape the physical self.

3. Analyze and evaluate issues associated with physical well-being.

Diagnostics
 Learning Checkpoint
Do you AGREE or DISAGREE?

The physical self goes through changes in one’s lifetime.

Our parents and relatives are the sole sources of our genetic make-up.

Adolescents’ physical development vary.

There are relative standards in beauty

Each individual has a unique DNA.

Unit 1. The Physical Dimension of
Self
Introduction

A crucial aspect of self is one’s physical features. People

are often perceived initially by their physical features,
including one’s face, bodily structure, height, weight, and
fitness. However, more than the physical attributes a
person possesses, people should also consider their
physical competencies, their valuation of physical worth,
and perception of beauty.
In this unit, factors that shape one’s physical self,
including biological and environmental factors, will be
discussed. Toward the end, issues associated with physical
health, hygiene, nutrition, standards of beauty, and other
socio-cultural factors will be tackled.
The Physical Self: The Biological
Blue Print
Am I beautiful? Do people find me attractive? What
can I do to enhance my features? These questions
underlie our physical self, which embodies our
physical appearance, what we see in the mirror and
what often triggers people’s first impressions of
others. However, our physical self is not only limited
to what can be directly seen by the naked eye;
underneath our skin is a dynamic system of biological
and chemical processes that contribute to our
physical features.
 HEREDITY HEREDITY:

Heredity has been defined as “the transmission of traits The traits are made up of specific information
imbedded within one’s gene, which is the basic unit of
from parents to offspring”.
heredity. It is not surprising that we have inherited
our physical traits from both our parents. When you
look at the mirror, who do you think you resemble
more, your father or your mother? If for example, you
look more like your father than your mother, it
doesn’t mean that you did not inherit any traits from
your mother and vice versa. This can be attributed to
the concepts of genotype and phenotype. Genotype
refers to the specific information imbedded within
our genes; not all genotypes translate to an observed
physical characteristic. On the other hand, phenotype
is the physical expression of a particular trait.
Genotype can only be determined through blood
testing but one’s phenotype can be directly observed.
 HEREDITY
Chromosomes
The transmission of traits from one generation to
These are a threadlike bodies in the nucleus
another.
of the cell and the storage unit of genes.
Studies revealed that most human cells
contain 46 chromosomes.

Autosomes. The 22 pairs of chromosomes.

Sex chromosomes. The 23rd pair of the

chromosomes which identifies the sex of an
individual. The 23rd pair could either be an XX or
an XY. The XX is for males while the XY is for
females.
 HEREDITY Chromosomes

The transmission of traits from one generation to Gene. This is the unit carrier of heredity.
Genes alone can determine the sex of the
another.
fertilized cell.

Genome. This is the collection of genetic

information.

DNA or deoxyribonucleic acid. This is a

nucleus acid that contains the genetic
instructions specifying the biological
development of all cellular forms of life.

• Genotype. This is the part (DNA sequence) of

the genetic makeup of a cell which
determines a specific characteristic.
• Phenotype. This is the expression of our
genotype (e.g. hair color, weight, or the
presence or absence of a disease).
 MATURATION
MATURATION:
Known as the completion of growth of genetic
character Maturation is known as the
completion of growth of genetic
character within an organism or
the unfolding of an individual’s
inherent traits or potential.
Maturation enables us to walk,
run, talk, and eventually, result
in physical changes that are
evident in the adolescent stage.
The Physical Self: The Biological
Blue Print
While our genetic information determines the
extent of our physical features, it is not the
only factor that influences our physical self. As
we grow up, we are exposed to environmental
influences that shape our physical self,
including those from our social networks,
societal expectations, and cultural practices.
 FAMILY

Family, being our first social group, forms a

crucial foundation of our development,
including that of our physical self. Aside from
factors of heredity, our family is also primarily
responsible for how we take care of our
bodies. Our nutrition and sustenance was
initially established by what was cooked in the
home.
 LARGE SOCIAL
GROUPS
As we grow older, we become exposed to a larger
social group and thus, new practices and
standards. We become more conscious of our
physical appearance as time goes on; we begin to
take note of our height, weight, facial features,
and other physical characteristics, in comparison
to our peers. We start being conscious of our
appearances, especially during the period of
adolescence. As a result, we begin engaging in acts
that would make us attractive and acceptable to
others.
 LARGE SOCIAL
GROUPS
One aspect of beauty is the body type.
Contemporary media has portrayed thin bodies
as the ideal body type for women and muscular
bodies for men. Thus, adolescents indulge in
activities that would enable them to achieve
these ideal body types. For some, having a
healthy lifestyle, eating the right food, and
engaging in exercise are the steps in achieving
the ideal body.
The Physical Self: Achieving
Physical Well-being
There is nothing wrong with enhancing our
physical self. What is problematic is when we
focus too much on physical beauty and
disregard everything else. How do we take
care of ourselves and our body?

Tips:
The Physical Self: Achieving Physical Well-being
Tips:
1. Healthy eating. We need to have the right combination of food to ensure our
health and sustenance. Having the right diet will result in healthy skin, ideal weight,
and better stamina.
2. Embracing a healthy lifestyle. Avoiding drinking, smoking, and other unhealthy
habits would reduce the risk of illness and diseases and make your immune system
stronger. Physical activities such as walking, running, going to the gym, and sports
would also contribute to a healthier body.
3. Having the right hygiene. Taking care of our body by maintaining a hygiene regimen
can also help in making us feel good about ourselves.
4. Lastly, confidence in ourselves is our best make-up. Being secure in ourselves,
embracing a positive outlook toward various situations and problems, and loving
and accepting who we are will surely result in an optimal physical well-being.
Module 2. Unfolding the Biological Self
Unit 1. The Physical Dimension of Self
Module Assessment
Check your workbook:
• Exercise No. 1 . MEvolution (pg. 35)
• Exercise No. 2. MEvolution2 (pg. 36)

Assignment No. 4
Metacognitive Reading Report (pg. 37)
Readings:
• Marsh, H., & Redmane J., (1994). A Multidimensional Physical Self-concept and Its
Relations to Multiple Components of Physical Fitness, Journal of Sport and Exercise
Psychology, 16, 33-55.

• Singh (n.d.). The concept of physical self in psychology. Retrieved August 2017 from
https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=apa+format+citation+for+electronic+source&oq=A
PA+format+citation+for+elec&aqs=chrome.1.69i57j0l4.9538j0j8&sourceid=chrome&ie=UT
F-8
Module 2. Unfolding the
Biological Self
This module focuses on two important
representations of the self: the physical and
sexual self. This specifically discusses the
characteristics and the factors that shape and Unit 2. The Sexual Dimension
influence our physical attributes. Also, a of the Self
thorough discussion on sexual development
and characterization shall be tackled in this This unit will explain sexual
section. characteristics, attributes, and
orientation of adolescents and
Unit 1. The Physical Dimension of the adults. Further, it will tackle
Self gender identity, sexual
behavior and its
This unit identifies and explains the consequences, and managing
biological and environmental factors that sexual behavior.
shape one’s physical self. It will also delve
into socio-cultural issues associated with
physical well-being.
Click Here to Begin
Unit 2. The Sexual Self
This unit discusses among others, the sexual
development of individuals, from their physical
attributes to issues of gender identity,
objectification of human bodies, and society’s
attitude toward sexual identity and behavior.

Intended learning outcomes

At the end of this Unit, students are expected to

demonstrate the following:

1. Discuss and elaborate concepts associated with the sexual self, including sex and gender..
2. Identify factors that contribute to one’s sexual development.
3. Explain how one can manifest responsible sexual behavior
Diagnostics
 Learning Checkpoint
Do you AGREE or DISAGREE?

 We cannot control sexual urges.

 Our sexuality is purely biological.

 Sexual orientations embody cognitive, affective, and behavior domains.

 We are born with sexuality.

 Sex and gender are the same.

Introduction
A vital aspect of one’s identity is the sexual self, encompassing
biological, physical, emotional, and social domains. While it is
initially rooted in the distinguishing physical attributes found in
men (penis) and women (vagina), bodily transformations and
development of secondary sexual characteristics during
adolescence would eventually trigger physiological responses,
leading to beliefs and behavior associated with sex.

During the adolescence stage, sexual curiosity is often at its

peak, with adolescents engaging in sexual activity as a result of
biological and socio-cultural forces at work. Further, this stage
sets the tone for the gender orientation an adolescent adopts.
Thus, it is important to be aware of one’s sexuality, his
thoughts and behavior, in order to make responsible choices
concerning one’s sexual self.
Sexual Self: The Biology of Sex
At birth, one’s sexuality is dependent on his physical features and genitals. Most of the
time, one’s sexuality and gender orientation are generally the same. However, biological
sex and gender orientation are two different things; biological sex is one’s assignment
upon birth and is dependent on the physical features the person has. On the other hand,
gender is an identity that is learned and embraced by the individual. It goes beyond
biological domains and is both a personal and social construct. As a social construct,
gender is known to be the socially created roles, personality traits, attitudes, behaviors
and values attributed for men and women. This also includes the relative power and
influence of each, indicating that gender is relational and refers not simply to women or
men but to the relationship between them. Thus, gender is anchored on societal beliefs
and norms.
 Adolescence

When physiological changes are triggered within an individual’s reproductive system, an

adolescent is likely to experience sexual urges, become more sensitive to sexual stimuli, and
feel sexual arousal. In men, it is natural for them to experience erection during an arousing
moment; for women, vaginal lubrication (wetness) is the likely response. If sexual arousal is
satisfied through sexual intercourse, men would experience ejaculation while women would
reach orgasm. The refractory period, or the period of rest after ejaculation, is likely to be
longer in men while women can achieve multiple orgasms due to a shorter refractory period
after intercourse. These bodily sensations are normal and typical in any sexual activity since
hormones produced within the body trigger these physiological responses. These sensations
are part of the sexual response cycle, which includes four phases: excitement, plateau,
orgasm, and resolution. Completing the cycle would lead to sexual satisfaction.
 Adolescence

When adolescents feel sexual urges, they are likely to engage in sexual activities that
would satisfy those urges. However, the kind of sexual activities they engage in may vary.
During the adolescence stage, it is a common occurrence to watch and read pornographic
materials, engage in kissing and petting, and perform masturbation, the act of stimulating
one’s genitals for sexual pleasure. Medical professionals have cited the health benefits of
masturbation, including stress relief, better sleep, improve self-esteem, and enhance body
image. Further, masturbation is a better alternative to sexual intercourse, which may
result to pregnancy and getting sexually-transmitted diseases.
Sexual Self: Sexual Identity and Gender Orientation
At birth, one’s sexuality is dependent on his physical features and genitals. Most of the
time, one’s sexuality and gender orientation are generally the same. However, biological
sex and gender orientation are two different things; biological sex is one’s assignment
upon birth and is dependent on the physical features the person has. On the other hand,
gender is an identity that is learned and embraced by the individual. It goes beyond
biological domains and is both a personal and social construct. As a social construct,
gender is known to be the socially created roles, personality traits, attitudes, behaviors
and values attributed for men and women. This also includes the relative power and
influence of each, indicating that gender is relational and refers not simply to women or
men but to the relationship between them. Thus, gender is anchored on societal beliefs
and norms.
 Gender Roles

Gender roles are societal expectations of how men and women should act. Everyone has
a basic idea of how men and women should act and behave; men are assumed to be
strong and dominant while women are perceived to be submissive and demure. However,
gender and biological sex are not always the same. A person may have been born a man
but assume womanly traits while a woman may behave like a man. This is an aspect of
sexual orientation. Further, one’s sexual orientation manifests itself in their relationships.
A guy who is attracted to girls is considered heterosexual while someone who is attracted
to the same sex is called a homosexual.
 Sexual Identity & Gender
Orientation
Sexual identity and gender orientation underlie our concept of self. We express our
sexuality through individuality; our beliefs and behavioral lifestyle are based on our own
perception of sexuality. However, while gender orientation and sexual identity are
deemed to be social constructs, it is important to highlight our self-expression and
moreover, become responsible in doing so. This will also translate to our beliefs about sex,
gender, and behavior. We should take note that our behavior in various situations would
entail consequences; we need to realize what are the effects of such actions and how can
we regulate our own behavior, including our sexual behavior. Let us proceed to the next
section.
Sexual Self: The Consequences of Sexual Choice
Sexual intercourse, also known as copulation, is the reproductive act wherein the male organ
(penis) enters the female’s reproductive tract (vagina). Teenage couples who engage in sexual
intercourse are usually overwhelmed by the sensations they feel during the act. In addition,
most teenagers who have sex with their partners often rationalize the act by claiming they
“love each other” and are “ready to be committed to each other.” However, If the woman is
fertile during the time of intercourse, pregnancy is likely to occur and will last approximately
nine months before the birth of the child. Having a child entails a big responsibility and
should not merely be a consequence of an impulsive moment.
 Early Pregnancy

There are physical risks to having an early pregnancy that may impact on an adolescent’s
development, including risk of miscarriage, emotional stress, and health risks to both
mother and infant. Further, early pregnancy may result to dropping out of school,
alienation, and other similar disruptions. Pregnancy do not only affect females; males are
also burdened by the responsibility of caring for a new child, his partner, and may also
face the same problems as his partner.
 Sexually-Transmitted
Diseases
Aside from pregnancy, another consequence of sexual intercourse is the risk of acquiring
sexually-translated diseases. These sexually transmitted diseases, while most of them can
be treated and cured, may have long-term consequences to one’s health. STD is passed on
by means of exchange of body fluids or genital contact. Among the common diseases are
syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia, and genital warts. Symptoms of these sexually-transmitted
diseases include a burning sensation during urination, warts and sores in the genital and
mouth area, pus, abnormal and smelly discharge, genital irritation, and painful bowel
movements. Treatment of these diseases may entail medication and in some cases,
surgery. However, there are cases when these diseases may affect one’s reproductive
functions and worse, may result to death.
 Human Immunodeficiency Virus
(HIV)
The most alarming sexually-transmitted disease is Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
It is a virus that can be transmitted by anal, oral, or vaginal sex with an infected person, as
well as through breast milk, during childbirth, and by coming into contact with the blood
of an HIV positive person. Untreated, HIV can lead to AIDS, which compromises the
immune system and puts the person at risk of illness and death. In its early stages, HIV has
no symptoms. Once the illness has progressed, the first symptoms may include fever,
rashes, and sores. In its final stage, a person with AIDS may suffer from a variety of
illnesses, including pneumonia and cancer. At the moment, there remains no cure for HIV
and AIDS.
 How does one acquire a sexually-transmitted
disease?
It is prevalent among individuals who engage in unprotected sex with multiple partners.
Irresponsible sexual behavior often results in dire consequences that have significant
impact on people’s lives and futures. Aside from health risks associated with sexually
transmitted diseases, it may also ruin relationships, create a negative stigma against
people with STD, and disrupt school and employment.

Thus, it is important that an adolescent should make responsible decisions with regard to
their sexuality and sexual behavior.
 Responsible sexual behavior entails the
following:
• Respect for one’s body. This would mean taking care of one’s body and avoiding
activities that undermine one’s worth and respect.
• Maturity in thoughts and deeds. This would refer to being objective, rational,
and calm, instead of being swept by one’s emotions.
• Being guided by one’s personal beliefs and core values. An adolescent should
always be grounded by his personal principles and self-worth.
• Being future-oriented. Instead of focusing on the present, always weigh your
actions now with possible consequences in the future. Sexual pleasure might be
overwhelming at the moment but always focus on what it will entail in the
future.
Module 2. Unfolding the Biological Self
Unit 2. The Sexual Self
Module Assessment
Check your workbook:
• Exercise No. 1 .0 Debate (pg. 42)

Assignment No. 5
Metacognitive Reading Report (pg. 43)
Readings:
• Soble, A. (2002). The Philosophy of Sex: Contemporary Readings, Boston, Rowman &
Littlefield Publishers

• Blunt, H. (2012). People aren't mind readers": A study of sexual self-concept, partner
communication, and sexual satisfaction, University of South Florida, Scholar Commons