STEELS

Professor in Metals Studies Priit Kulu

Department of Materials Engineering
Steels
Classification of steels (EN 10020)
• Non-alloy steels (carbon steels)
• Alloy steels

Inclusions, % Non-alloy steels Alloy steels

(carbon steels)
Mn ≤ 1,65 > 1,8
Si ≤ 0,5 > 0,5
Cr ≤ 0,3 > 0,5
Ni ≤ 0,3 > 0,5
Ti ≤ 0,05 > 0,12
V ≤ 0,1 > 0,12
Steels
Non-alloy and alloy steels classification (1)
Non-alloy steels (carbon steels) Alloy steels
C content based Alloying degree based
- low C-steels (<0,25%) - low alloy steels (<2,5%)

- medium C-steels (0,3…0,6%) - medium alloy steels (<5%)

- high C-steels (>0,6%) - high alloy steels (>5%)

Alloying degree based

- Cr steels
- Mn steels
- Cr-Ni steels etc.
Steels
Non-alloy and alloy steels (2)
Non-alloy steels (carbon steels) Alloy steels
Quality based Quality based:
(degree of purity): - quality steels
-ordinary quality - high quality steels
- quality steels (≤ 0,035 S,P)
Structure based:
- high quality steels (≤ 0,025 S,P) - in annealed condition
Deoxidation degree based - in normalized condition (ferrite,
- killed steels (Mn,  Si) pearlite, martensite and austenitic
steels)
- semikilled steels (Mn,  Si)
- rimmed steels (Mn)
Steels

Non-alloy and alloy steels classification (3)

Non-alloy steels (carbon steels) Alloy steels
Application based:
C<0,7%C – structural steels – 0,2...0,7% C
C>0,7%C – tool steels – 0,4...1,6% C

• corrosion resistant
• heat resistant
• high temperature strength
• magnetic
• cryogenic
Steels

Classification of structural steels

Non-alloy steels (carbon steels) Alloy steels
Heat treatment based:
- case hardening steels (≤ 0,25% C)
- quenching and tempering steels (0,3…0,6% C)

- nitriding and carbonitriding steels

(0,1…0,2 or 0,3…0,4% C)
Steels
Designation of steels (1)
Notch impact energy

Steels (EN10027) °C
KU, J
Designations (1) 27 40 60

• Mechanical properties based on: Re +20 JR KR LR

0 J0 K0 L0
– steels for steel constructions S355J0
-20 J2 K2 L2
– steels for pressure vessel P265B
-30 J3 K3 L3
– steels for machine constructionsE295
-40 J4 K4 L4
– steels for pipes L360QB
-50 J5 K5 L5
– concrete reinforcing steel B500N
-60 J6 K6 L6
• Based on: Rm
– rail steels RO880Mn
– prestressing steels Y1770C
Steels
Designations (2)
• Chemical composition based
– C (non-alloy steels (carbon steels), ex free cutting steels
C35E
G-C35E (cast steel)
35 – C%x100 (E – max S-content)
– C, alloying elements (low- ja medium alloy steels,
all. elem., ≤5%, non-alloy steels (carbon steels) Mn ≥1%,
non-alloy free cutting steels)
28Mn6 Alloying
Factor
G-28Mn6 element
– C, all. elem. (high alloy steels, Cr, Co, Mn, 4
all. elem. >5%) Si, Ni, W
X5CrNi18-10 Al, Cu, Mo, 10
– All. elem. (high speed steels) Nb, Ti, V, Zr
HS 12-9-1-8 Ce, P, S 100
W-Mo-V-Co B 1000
Steels
Designations (3)
Materials numbers (EN 10027)
1. XX XX (XX)
Material group
Steel class
Order in class
Additional numbers
Pos. 2 and 3
Ordinary grade steels 00...90 Tool steels 20...29
High quality grade Special steels 40...49
10 – spec. phyc. prop. steels (stainless and heat resistant. etc.)
11 – construction and machine
construction steell
12 – machine contruct. steels
13 – spec. constr. and ja machine constr. steels
High quality 01...91 – structural steels
02...92 – non heat treatable structural steels
07...97 – high P- ja S-cont. steels
Pos. 4 ja 5
Order no. in class
Steels

Structural steels (1)

Non-alloy structural steels (C = 0,2...0,65%)
• ordinary (quality) steels
• quality steels C15E (max S), C15R (S range)
• high quality steels (S, P ≤ 0,025%)

• Free cutting steels (C = 0,12...0,4%; g 0,2% S)

– 10S20, 35S20
• Cast steels (C = 0,15...0,55%) – GE250, G28Mn6
Steels
Structural steels (2)
Alloy structural steels (C = 0,2...0,7%, wear resistant steels 0,9...1,3%)
• low alloy steels (all. elem. g 2,5%)
–structural steels
–cold forming steels
–spring steels (C = 0,5...0,7%, Si = 1...2%)
–ball bearing steels (C ≈ 1%, Cr = 0,5...0,6%)
• medium alloy steels (all. elem. 2,5...5%)
– cementizing steels
– quenching and tempering steels
– nitriding steels
• high alloy steels (leg. el. > 5%) – steels with specific properties
– corrosion resistant steels
– high temperature strength steels
– wear resistant steels
Steels
Structural steels (3)
Low alloy steels (1)
Steels for structural construction
Low alloy carbon steels C≤0,22%; 1...2% Si, Mn
Requirements:
• Cold brittleness: low TBCT, T50
high toughness (h impact energy KU, KV)
• Weldability
CE%=C%+Mn%/6+(Cr%+Mo%+V%)/5+(Ni%+Cu%)/15
CE≤0,40% - satisfactory weldability
CE≥0,40% - special means: preheating, low annealing.
Alloying principles: iP,S gi TBCT
Simultaneous alloying with V,NgTBCT -80°C
Steels
Structural steels (4)
Low alloy steels (2)
Cold forming steels
Requirements
• low yield strength ratio (Rp0,2/Rm = 0,5...0,65)
• high plasticity (A ≥ 40%)
Principles of alloying:
C and Si%h Rp0,2 gi formability; Mn% h Rm, Rp0,2≈ g good formability
Preferred:
– rimmed steels (Si ≈ 0%)
– dual phase steels (F + 20...30% M or B)
(C = 0,06...0,12%, partial-hardening g Rp0,2/Rm = 0,5) g good deep
drawability at 10% degree of deformation Rp0,2/Rm = 0,8...0,9

• Ballon steels
• Pressure vessel steels
• Seamless pipes
• Welded pipes
Steels
Structural steels (5)
Low alloy steels (3)
Spring steels
high Re, σR, modulus of elasticity E
C = 0,5...0,7%
Mn-steels (1...2% Mn)
Si-steels (2...3% Si)
Cr-V-steels
TT: Hardening + mid. temp. (300...400°C) g Trostite
structure
Ball bearing steels
High hardness (≥ 62 HRC)
C ≈ 1%; Cr = 0,6...1,5% – 105 Cr6
Ball races (63...64 HRC), balls (61...62 HRC)
Steels
Structural steels (6)
Medium alloy steels (1)
Cementizing (case hardening)
steels (0,1...0,25% C)
• Cr-steels
• Cr-Mn-steels
• Cr-Ni-steels
• B-steels
HT: Tcem + hard. + low. temp.
Surface (Cg0,8) – 58...62 HRC
Core (C = 0,1...0,25) – 30...42 HRC
Steels

Structural steels (7)

Medium alloy steels (2)
Quenching and tempering steels
Requirements:
• Reliability ( Rm, Rp0,2; acceptable KU and TBCT)
• High hardenability (D50, D95, T50)
Principles pf alloying:
• Alloying hardenability (Ma, Ml) (all exc. Al and Co)
• At solution in F,  Rm and TBCT, alloying degree as low
as possible (for D50)
Steels
Structural steels (8)
Medium alloy steels (3)
Quenching and tempering steels (0,3...0,5% C; 3...5% all.elem.)

D95, mm T50, °C
I gr – non-alloy steels (carbon
10...15 20
steels)
II gr – Si-Mn/Cr-steels (~1%) 20 -30...-50
III gr – Mn-Cr-steels 25 -60
IV gr – Ni-Mo-steels 40 -80
V gr – Ni-refractory. (W, Mo, V jt.) 100 -100

Rm g1200 N/mm2; Rp0,2 g 1100 N/mm2; A = 10...12%; KUg40J

Steels

Structural steels (9)

Medium alloy steels (4)

Nitriding steels (C-, all. elem. – same as in hard. and temp.

steels)
Tnitr 500...600°C (differently from cem.)
All. elem. Cr, Mo, Al + N g CrN, MoN, AlN

Properties:
Hardness: surface – alloy steels 950...1150 HV,
non-alloy steels (carbon steels) 400...500 HV
Core 250...300 HB
High fatigue strength ( by comp. stresses induced nitrides)
Steels
Structural steels (10)
High alloy steels (1)
Corrosion resistant steels (1)
• Cr-steels, C – min (0,08...0,2%)
0,1...0,4% – for hardenability
Cr = 13, 17 or 27%
Ccorrosion resistance , C  0,1 %C – ferritic
steels

For hardness/ wear resiatance  0,1...0,4 %C –

martensitic steels
Steels
Structural steels (11)
High alloy steels (2)
• Cr-Ni steels C ≤ 0,12%
18% Cr, 10...12% Ni, Ti/Nb ≤ 1%
Rm = 500...600 N/mm2
Rp0,2 = 200...250 N/mm2
Intergranular corrosion (at to. 500...600 oC):
Ccorr. resist, i, especially in welds g Cr3C2 g
Cr % reduction in A.
To avoid:
g Ti, Nb (0,1...0,2%)
g Ci (<0,03%)
Steels
Structural steels (12)
High alloy steels (3)
High temperature strength steels
High temperature strength = heat resiatance + high temp. strength
Heat resistance = oxidation resistance
T, C
High temp. strength: endurance limit σtT
1100
creep strength σε/tT mittekuumuspüsiv

350...500°C – boiler steels 900

0,1...0,15% C, 0,5...1% Mo, W või V
0,5...1% Cr (pearlite steels)
700 kuumuspüsiv
2...6% Cr (martensite steels)
- silchrome 500
0,5...0,6% C, 1,5...3% Si, 5...15% Cr 5 10 15 20 25 Cr, %
600...700°C – austenitic steels
13...25% Cr; 14...20% Ni
13...25% Cr; g37% Ni + Al, W, Nb, Ti, Mo
> 700°C - Ni- ja Co-alloys (superalloys)
Steels
Structural steels (13)
High alloy steels (4)
Wear resistant steels
Requirements:
High surface hardness
Principles of alloying:
– through alloying (uneffective – 2...3% /Ø100mm)
– surface alloying
• Non-alloy- and alloy steels (Cr, Mn, W jt.)
• Cementizing steels
• Mn-steels (Hadfield steel) (1,1...1,3% C, 12...13% Mn)

HT: H (1050...1100°C) g A-structure

Rm=800...1000, Rp0,2=250...350 N/mm2, A = 40...50%, 180...220 HB

In cold worked conditions g 50...55 HRC – self hardening

Steels
Tool steels (1)
Requirements:
• hardness and wear resistance
• strength and toughness
• heat resistance

• Non-alloy tool steels

(C = 0,7...1,3%)
• Alloy steels
(C = 0,4...1,6%)
– non-heat resistant (g200°C)
– semi heat resistant (g300...500°C)
• coldwork tool steels
• hot work tool steels
– Heat resistant steels (g500...750°C)
• Carbide induced tempering
hardness,
• Intermetallics induced tempering
hardness
Steels
Tool steels (2)
Non heat resistant steels (200...250°C)
• non-alloy tool steels (0,7...1,2% C)
• low alloy steels (Cr, W, Mn)
Semi heat resistant steels (300...500°C)
• Cold work tool steels (150...200°C)
Cr-steels (1,2...2,3% C; 12% Cr + Mo, V)
Structure: M + 13...20% carbides
C = 0,6...0,7 – cutting- ja impact tools
• Hot work tool steels
Requirements:
• high temperature strength,
• heat resistance ja thermal resistance
• high hardenability and not prone to tempering brittleness
• low adhesion

Steels 0,5...0,6% C g good toughness

1,5...2% Ni, Mo g high hardenability
Steels
Tool steels (3)
Heat resistant steels (500...750°C)
• Steels with carbide induced tempering hardness (500...650°C)
Alloying elements: W (18 or 9%) + Mo, V, Co
• HS-18-0-1
• HS-6-5-2-5 (P6M5K5)
HT: H (1200...1300°C); 3x T (570...650°C) gi Arest ;
g 64...65 HRC
• Steels with intermetallics induced tempering hardness
(650...750°C)
Alloying elements: Co, W, Mo g Co7W6; (Co,Fe)7W6 etc.
(0,1...0,3% C, 20...25% Co, 11...20% W, ca 7% Mo)
HT: Hard. (1200...1300°C) g 68 HRC; T (700...720°C) g 60 HRC
Steels

Special steels ja -alloys (1)

Magnetic steels
• Soft magnetic materials
– pure Fe (C < 0,05%)
– electrotechnical (1...4% Si)
• Hard magnetic materials
– High C-content Non-alloy tool steels (1,1...1,3% C)
– Cr-steels (ca 1% C; 1,5...3% Cr)
– Co-steels (ca 1% C; 1,5...3% Cr; 5...15% Co)
– Fe-Ni-Al-alloys (alniko) (11...14% Al; 22...34% Ni)
Steels

Special steels ja -alloys (2)

Cryogenic steels
Requirements:
• low transition temperature TBCT
Steels for low temperature applications
• ≤ –60°C (non-alloy- ja low alloy steel)
• ≤ –100°C – low C-content Ni-steels – 2...5% Ni +
Cr, V, Ti
• ≤ –190°C (liquid N2) – austenitic stainless steels)
• below –190°C (liquid H2, O2) – high alloy
corrosion resistant steels – Cr > 10%; Ni > 20%
Thank You for attention!
priit.kulu@ttu.ee