KLASIFIKASI FUNGI

PS BIOLOGI FMIPA UNRAM

 Evolution and phylogeny
• Until the latter half of the twentieth century
fungi were classified in the Plant Kingdom
• Subkingdom Cryptogamia, Division Fungi,
subdivision Eumycotina
• four classes: the Phycomycetes, Ascomycetes,
Basidiomycetes, and Deuteromycetes
• (Deuteromycetes also known as Fungi Imperfecti
because they lacked a sexual cycle)
• These traditional groups of ‘fungi’ were largely
defined by the morphology of their sexual
organs, whether or not their hyphae had cross-
walls (septa), and the ploidy (degree of
repetition of the basic number of chromosomes)
of nuclei in their vegetative mycelium.
• The slime moulds, all grouped in the
subdivision Myxomycotina, were also included
in Division Fungi.
• Around the middle of the twentieth century the
three major kingdoms of multicellular
eukaryotes were finally recognised as being
absolutely distinct;
• the crucial character difference being the mode
of nutrition: 1) animals (whether single cells or
multicellular) engulf food; 2) plants
photosynthesise; and 3) fungi excrete digestive
enzymes and absorb externallydigested
nutrients
• Other differences can be added to these. FOR
example:
• in their cell membranes animals use
cholesterol, fungi use ergosterol;
• in their cell walls, plants use cellulose (a
glucose polymer), fungi use chitin (a
glucosamine polymer)
• recent genomic surveys show that plant
genomes lack gene sequences that are crucial in
animal development, and vice-versa, and fungal
genomes have none of the sequences that are
important in controlling multicellular
development in animals or plants.
• This latter point implies that animals, plants and
fungi separated at a unicellular grade of
organisation.
• The prokaryotic domains of bacteria and Archea, and the eukaryotic kingdoms
(plants, animals, fungi, protozoa and algae), are the fundamental groupings of
life on Earth.
• The prokaryote/eukaryote distinction recognises the ‘higher organism’ traits that
eukaryotic organisms share, such as nuclei, cytoskeletons, internal membranes,
and mitotic and meiotic division cycles.
• Eukaryotes must have evolved from prokaryotes and the most convincing
endosymbiosis theory accounts for this through a sequence of symbiotic
relationships being established between prokaryotic partners.
• The mitochondria of eukaryotes evolving from aerobic bacteria living within a
host cell; chloroplasts of eukaryotes evolving from endosymbiotic cyanobacteria;
eukaryotic cilia and flagella arising from endosymbiotic spirochetes, the basal
bodies from which eukaryotic cilia and flagella develop being able to create the
mitotic spindle and thus contribute to the cytoskeleton.
• However they evolved, molecular analyses indicate that eukaryotes and bacteria
last shared a common ancestor about two billion years ago, and plants, animals
and fungi diverged from one another just under one billion years ago.
• The highest formally accepted taxon is the Kingdom, the
name of which must be a Latinised plural.
• Five Kingdoms of eukaryotes are now generally recognised
as being the minimum number worthy of recognition:
• These are Kingdom Protozoa/Protoctista (which includes
slime moulds); Kingdom Chromista (mostly algae, but
including some fungus-like organisms); Kingdom Fungi;
Kingdom Plantae; and Kingdom Animalia.

The main aim of a phylogenetic classification is to group

organisms on the basis of their ancestral relationships
(their ‘phylogeny’); the genes possessed by organisms in
the present day have come to them through the lineage of
their ancestors.
Phylogenetic relationships can be inferred
from a variety of data :

- traditionally including :
1) fossils
2) comparative morphology and biochemistry

- most modern phylogenetic trees : depend on

molecular data  the small subunit ribosomal
RNA gene (SSU rRNA)
1) Fossils
 Fungal hyphae are evident within the tissues of
the oldest plant fossils, showing that fungi are an
extremely ancient group. Indeed some of the oldest
terrestrial plant-like fossils known, called
Prototaxites, which are common in all parts of the
world in the mid-Devonian period (400 to 350
million years ago) are now being interpreted as
either lichens or large saprotrophic fungi (possibly
even Basidiomycota)
2) Morphology
- stipe, fruit bodies (permukaan, bentuk, lamela),
annulus, hold fast

3) Biochemistry
Fungal groups can be related by their common cell wall
composition (presence of both chitin and β-1,3- and β-
1,6-glucan), the same pattern of organisation of
tryptophan enzymes, and synthesis of lysine by the
same, unique, aminoadipic acid pathway
Kingdom Fungi is a monophyletic group
(meaning that all modern fungi can be traced
back to a single ancestral organism) that
diverged from a common ancestor with the
animals about 800 to 900 million years ago. The
most recently published classification divides the
kingdom into seven phyla, ten subphyla, 36
classes, 12 subclasses, and 140 orders.
 KLASIFIKASI CENDAWAN

Filum Plasmodiophoromycota Filum Oomycota

Filum Myxomycota

Filum Chytridiomycota Filum Zygomycota

Filum Ascomycota Filum Basidiomycota

Form-Filum Deuteromycota
 Filum Chytridiomycota
• Blastocladiomycota,
• Neocallimastigomycota,
• Microsporidia,
• Glomeromycota

Filum Ascomycota Filum Basidiomycota

SubKingdom Dikarya
21st Century Guidebook to Fungi © David Moore, Geoffrey D. Robson and Anthony P.J. Trinci 2011
 PERBEDAAN CENDAWAN DALAM 3 KINGDOM

Ciri Fungi Chromista Protoctista

krista mitokondria pipih tabung pipih

jalur biosintesis lisin aaa dpa aaa
dinding sel (ds) ada ada tidak ada
komponen utama ds khitin selulosa -
set kromosom soma n 2n n
mastigonema tidak ada ada tidak ada
perolehan nutrisi absorbsi absorbsi engulf
Moyang choanocilia heterokonta ?
 PERBEDAAN CIRI MORFOLOGI
KELOMPOK SOMA, SPORA SEKSUAL DAN ASEKSUAL
Cendawan protoctista
• Myxomycota plasmodium, miksospora, sel renang
• Plasmodiophoromycota plasmodium, spora rehat, zoospora

Cendawan semu
• Oomycota hifa sinosit 2n, oospora, zoospora

Cendawan sejati
• Chytridiomycota rhizomiselium sinosit, n, spora rehat, zoospora
•
• Zygomycota hifa sinosit n, zigospora, sporangiospora

• Ascomycota hifa septat n, askospora, konidium

• Basidiomycota hifa septat n, basidiospora,-

• Deuteromycota hifa septat, n, -, konidium

CENDAWAN DALAM SISTEMATIKA MOLEKULER
 AKHIRAN TAKSON
• Superkingdom • Eukariota
• Dunia - Kingdom • Fungi
• Phylum– Filum • Zygomycota
• Subphylum • zygomycotina
• Kelas – Class • Zygomycetes
• Ordo - Ordo • Mucorales
• Famili – Family • Mucoraceae
• Genus Dan Spesies – • Rhizopus
Genus Dan Species oligosporus
 Phylum: Chytridiomycota
• Water moulds that live as aquatic saprotrophs or parasites in fresh water
and soils; a few are marine.
• Chytrids produce motile asexual zoospores (with a single posterior
flagellum, both a kinetosome and non-functional centriole, nine flagellar
props, and a microbody-lipid globule complex) in zoosporangia.
• Golgi apparatus with stacked cisternae; nuclear envelope fenestrated at
poles during mitosis.
• Thallus may be unicellular or filamentous, and holocarpic (where all of
the thallus is involved in formation of the sporangium) or eucarpic
(where only part of the thallus is converted into the fruiting body,
monocentric, polycentric or filamentous.
• Sexual reproduction with zygotic meiosis where known; sometimes
produce motile sexual zoogametes. Considered to be the most ancestral
group of fungi. Type: Chytridium.
 Phylum: Neocallimastigomycota
• Thallus monocentric or polycentric; anaerobic, found in
digestive system of larger herbivorous mammals and
possibly in other terrestrial and aquatic anaerobic
environments;
• lacks mitochondria but contains hydrogenosomes of
mitochondrial origin; zoospores posteriorly unflagellate or
polyflagellate, kinetosome present but non-functional
centriole absent, kinetosome-associated complex composed
of a skirt, strut, spur and circumflagellar ring, microtubules
extend from spur and radiate around nucleus, forming a
posterior fan, flagellar props absent; nuclear envelope
remains intact throughout mitosis. Ex: neocallimastix
 Phylum: Blastocladiomycota
• the Blastocladiomycota have life cycles with what is described as
a sporic meiosis; that is, meiosis results in the production of
haploid spores that can develop directly into a new, but now
haploid, individual. This results in a regular alternation of
generations between haploid gametothallus and diploid
sporothallus individuals.
• Members of this phylum were included in Chytridiomycota in
older textbooks. Saprotrophs as well as parasites of fungi, algae,
plants and invertebrates, and may be facultatively anerobic in
oxygen-depleted environments.
• All members of this phylum have zoospores with a distinct
ribosome-filled cap around the nucleus.
• The thallus may be monocentric or polycentric and becomes
mycelial in Allomyces. Other representative genera are:
Physoderma, Blastocladiella and Coelomomyces. Physoderma spp.
are parasitic on higher plants, Coelomomyces is an obligate
endoparasite of insects with alternating sporangia and gametangia
stages in mosquito larvae and copepod hosts, respectively
Order: Blastocladiales; water moulds with a restricted thallus,
characterised by the production of thick-walled, pitted, resistant
sporangia; sexual reproduction by isogamous (equal in size and alike in
form) or anisogamous (unequal in size but still similar in form)
planogametes; Allomyces exhibits an alternation of two equal
generations; most are saprotrophs, but various species of
Coelomomyces are parasitic in mosquito larvae; uniquely, their hyphae
are devoid of cell walls; more than 50 species. Example genera:
Allomyces, Coelomomyces.
 Phylum: Microsporidia

• No subdivision of the group is proposed yet because

of the lack of well-sampled multigene phylogenies
within the group.
• Microsporidia are unicellular parasites of animals
and protists with highly reduced mitochondria.
• Microsporidia may be a sister group of the rest of the
Fungi, but this suggestion may have arisen from
incomplete sampling.
 Phylum: Glomeromycota
• Until recently, arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi have generally
been classified in the Zygomycota (being placed in the Order
Glomales), but they do not form the zygospores characteristic of
zygomycota, and all ‘glomalean’ fungi form mutualistic
symbioses.
• Recent molecular studies have suggested a separate phylum is
appropriate for the AM fungi, the Glomeromycota, and this is the
position taken by the AFTOL study.
• The International Code of Botanical Nomenclature requires the
name of a family or order to be formed from the genitive singular
of a legitimate name of an included genus. The genitive of the type
genus Glomus is Glomeris, and so the name of the family should
be Glomeraceae and order Glomerales (rather than ‘Glomales’).
 Subphylum: Mucoromycotina
• Fungi saprotrophs, or rarely gall-forming, non-haustorial, facultative
mycoparasites, or forming ectomycorrhiza.
• Mycelium branched, coenocytic when young, sometimes producing
septa that contain micropores at maturity.
• Asexual reproduction by sporangia, sporangiola or merosporangia,
or rarely by chlamydospores, arthrospores or blastospores.
• Sexual reproduction by more or less globose zygospores formed on
opposed or apposed suspensors.
• This group includes the Mucorales, which is the core group of the
traditional Zygomycota.
 Subphylum: Entomophthoromycotina
• Obligate pathogens of animals (primarily arthropods), cryptogamic plants
or saprotrophs;
• occasionally facultative parasites of vertebrates. Somatic state consisting
of a well-defined mycelium, coenocytic or septate, walled or protoplastic,
which may fragment to form multinucleate hyphal bodies; protoplasts
either hyphoid or amoeboid and changeable in shape; cystidia or rhizoids
formed by some taxa. Such nuclear characters as overall size, location
and comparative size of nucleoli, presence or absence of granular
heterochromatin in chemically unfixed interphasic nuclei and mitotic
patterns are important at the family level.
• Conidiophores branched or unbranched. Primary spores true conidia, uni-
, pluri- or multinucleate, forcibly discharged by diverse possible means or
passively dispersed; secondary conidia often produced. Resting spores
with thick bilayered walls form as zygospores after conjugations of
undifferentiated gametangia from different or the same hyphal bodies or
hypha or as azygospores arising without prior gametangial conjugations.
 Subphylum: Zoopagomycotina
• Endo-or ectoparasites of microanimals and fungi. Vegetative
body consisting of a simple,branched or unbranched thallus
or more of less extensively branched mycelium.
• Ectoparasites forming haustoria inside the host. Asexual
reproduction by arthrospores, chlamydospores or uni-or
multispored sporangiola; sporangiospores of multispored
sporangiola formed in simple or branched chains
(merosporangia).
• Sexual reproduction by nearly globose zygospores;
• sexual hyphae similar to the vegetative hyphae or more or
less enlarged.
 Subphylum: Kickxellomycotina
• Fungi saprotrophs, mycoparasites or obligate symbionts.
Thallus arising from a holdfast onother fungi as a haustorial
parasite, or branched, septate, subaerial hyphae.
• Mycelium branched or unbranched, regularly septate. Septa
with median, disciform cavities containing plugs.
• Asexual production by 1- or 2-spored merosporangia,
trichospores or arthrospores.
• Sexual reproduction by zygospores that are globose,
biconical, or allantoid and coiled.
 Subkingdom: Dikarya
• Unicellular or filamentous Fungi, lacking
flagella, often with a dikaryotic state; contains
Ascomycota and Basidiomycota.
• The name alludes to the putative synapomorphy
(being a derived, that is non-ancestral, character
shared by the two constituent phyla) of dikaryotic
hyphae.
 Phylum: Ascomycota
• This is the largest group of fungi, and the
lifestyles adopted cover the complete
range from saprotrophs, to symbionts
(notably lichens), and to parasites and
pathogens (plant pathogens are
particularly numerous, but there are
many important human pathogens in this
group also).
 Ascomycota........
• The Ascomycota are characterised by having sexual spores
(ascospores) formed endogenously within an ascus (indeed the
original Latin diagnosis consisted of only two words: ‘sporae
intracellulares’ and while it is questionable that this description
is truly diagnostic for the Ascomycota, as a validating diagnosis
it is acceptable under the Code).
• A layered hyphal wall with a thin relatively electron-dense outer
layer and a thicker electrontransparent inner layer also appears
to be diagnostic
Except for the ascosporogenous yeasts (such as Saccharomyces and
Schizosaccharomyces, which are only distantly related), asci are
usually produced in complex fruit bodies (ascomata).
 Phylum: Basidiomycota
• Saprotrophic or parasitic on plants or insects; filamentous; hyphae
septate, the septa typically inflated (dolipore) and centrally perforated;
• mycelium of two types, primary (homokaryotic) of uninucleate cells,
succeeded by secondary (heterokaryotic), consisting of dikaryotic
cells, this often bearing bridge-like clamp connections over the septa;
• asexual reproduction by fragmentation, oidia (thin-walled, free,
hyphal cells behaving as spores) or conidia;
• sexual reproduction by fusion of hyphae with each other or with
hyphal fragments or with germinating spores (somatogamy), resulting
in dikaryotic hyphae that eventually give rise to basidia, either singly
on the hyphae or in variously shaped basidiomata.
 Basidiomycota.........
• The meiospores (sexual spores) are basidiospores
borne exogenously on basidia;
• many are ballistospores that are actively discharged
from the small hyphal branches (sterigmata) on
which they arise.
• This is a large phylum of fungi containing the rusts,
smuts, jelly fungi, club fungi, coral and shelf
(bracket) fungi, mushrooms, puffballs, stinkhorns
and bird’s-nest fungi.