ATOMS, MOLECULES AND IONS

ATOMS

As stated by Democritus, “Atom is an indivisible

piece”
 However, beginning in the late 1800s,
experiments have indicated that atoms are made
up of smaller particles.
The science of chemistry is based on the concept
of the atom and molecules.
 LAWS OF CHEMICAL CHANGES

These laws were inferred from several experiments conducted

during the 18th century using a balance for the measurements:
a. Law of Conservation of Mass
b. Law of Definite Proportion
c. Law of Multiple Proportion
 THE LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS

 In a chemical reaction, no change in mass takes place.

 The total mass of the products is equal to the total mass of the reactant.
 Antoine Lavoisier, a brilliant French chemist, formulated this law by describing one of his experiments
involving mercuric oxide.
 He placed a small amount of mercuric oxide, a red solid, inside a retort and sealed the vessel tightly.
 He weighed the system, and then subjected it to high temperature.
 During the heating, the red solid turned into a silvery liquid.
 This observation indicated that a chemical reaction took place.
 After which, the setup was cooled and then weighed.
 The weight of the system was found to be the same as before heating
LAW OF DEFINITE PROPORTION

 A compound always contains the same constituent

elements in a fixed or definite proportion by mass.
 If water samples coming from different sources are analyzed, all the samples will
contain the same ratio by mass of hydrogen to oxygen.
LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS

 Two elements can combine to form more than one

compound, the masses of one element that will
combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in a
ratio of small whole numbers.
 Illustrate the application of this law using the example of carbon which reacts
with oxygen to form carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.
 In carbon monoxide, 1.00 g carbon combines with 1.33 g oxygen; whereas, in
carbon dioxide, 1.00 g carbon combines with 2.66 g oxygen.
 It can be seen that the ratio is 1:2.
 DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY

 This explains the law of chemical change This theory is based on the following set of postulates:
1. Elements are made up of very small particles known as atoms.
2. All the atoms of an element are identical in mass and size, and are different from the atoms of another
element. Dalton used the different shapes or figures to represent different elements, as follows:

3. Compounds are composed of atoms of more than one element, combined in definite ratios with whole
number values.

4. During a chemical reaction, atoms combine, separate, or rearrange. No atoms are created and no
atoms disappear.
 THE PARTICLES CONTAINED IN AN ATOM
(OR THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES) AND
DIFFERENTIATE THE PARTICLES IN TERMS OF LOCATION, CHARGE, AND
RELATIVE MASS BY FILLING UP THE
FOLLOWING TABLE:
ANSWERS

1837
1
1

1839
THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

 Protons
 Were discovered by Ernest Rutherford in the year 1919 when he performed his gold foil
experiment
 He concluded that protons exists in the nucleus and have a positive nuclear charge
 The atomic number of the proton present is the number of protons present in the atoms
 The atomic number determines the element (example: the element, Carbon has an
atomic number of 6)
 Electrons
 Were discovered by John Joseph Thomson after many experiments involving
cathode rays
 He confirmed that cathode rays are fundamental particles that are negatively
charged
 These cathode rays were known as electrons
 Electrons are located in an electron cloud which is the area surrounding the
nucleus of the atom.
 Electrons have negative charge that is equal in the magnitude of the positive
charge of protons
 Neutrons
 Were discovered by James Chadwick in 1932 when he demonstrated the
penetrating radiation incorporated beams of neutral particles
 Neutrons are located in the nucleus with the protons
 Neutrons can be computed by subtracting the number of proton from the mass
number
 The neutrons in an element determine the isotope of an atom.
ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS NUMBER

 Atomic number = number of protons = number of

electrons in a neutral atom
 Mass number = number of protons + number of
neutrons
APPLY THESE CONCEPTS, ASK THEM TO
FILL UP THE FOLLOWING TABLE
ANSWERS
THE ACCEPTED WAY TO DENOTE THE ATOMIC
NUMBER AND THE MASS NUMBER OF AN
ELEMENT

Z
AX
Where:
X= element
A= mass number
Z= atomic number
 Z (Atomic number)
 Is the number of protons in the nucleus of each atoms of an element
 Also indicates the number of electrons present in the atom

 A (Mass number)
 Is the total number of neutrons and protons present in the nucleus of an atoms of
an element
 Mass number= number of protons + number of neutrons
 Mass number is also = atomic number + number of neutrons
 DETERMINING THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLE
GIVEN ITS ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS
NUMBER
An atom has an atomic number of 9 (nine) and a mass number
of 19 (nineteen)
a. Determine the number of protons present
b. Determine the number of neutrons present
c. Determine the number of electrons present
ANSWER

a. There are 9 protons because the atomic number is always equal to the number
of protons present
b. There are 10 neutrons because the number of neutrons is always obtained by
subtracting the atomic number from the mass number (19- 9= 10)
 (Protons + neutrons )- protons= neutrons
 Mass number atomic number

c. There are 9 electrons because the number of protons and the number of
electrons are always the same in an atom
 DETERMINING THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLE
GIVEN ITS ATOMIC NUMBER AND MASS
NUMBER
 An atom has an atomic number of 11 and a mass
number of 23.
a. Determine the number of protons present
b. Determine the number of neutrons present
c. Determine the number of electrons present
ANSWER

 A. there are 11 protons

 B. there are 12 neutrons
 C. there are 11 electrons
COMPLETE THE TABLE BELOW
 ANSWERS
Element Atomic number Mass number (A) Number of Number of Number of
(Z) electrons protons neutrons
Al 13 27 13 13 (27-13)= 14
Br 35 80 35 35 (80-35)= 45
Cu 29 64 29 29 (64- 29)= 35
N 7 14 7 7 (14-7)= 7
I 53 127 53 53 (127- 53)= 74
Ag 47 108 47 47 (108- 47)= 61
Na 11 23 11 11 (23-11)= 12
Zn 30 65 30 30 (65-30)= 35
Ca 20 40 20 20 (40- 20)= 20
B 5 11 5 5 (11-5)= 6
Kr 36 84 36 36 (84-36)= 48
MASS SPECTROSCOPY

 This instrument is used to identify the molecular ion in order to determine the
molecular weight
 Determine the presence of common isotopes
 More advanced skills allow one to identify fragments ions
HOW DOES MASS SPECTROSCOPY
WORKS?
ISOTOPES

Isotopes
 Are atoms of an element having the same atomic number but different mass
number.
 The existence of isotopes was shown by mass spectroscopy experiments, wherein
elements were found to be composed of several types of atoms, each with
different masses.
 The atomic number identifies an element. The atoms of isotopes of an
element have the same number of protons and electrons.
 The atoms of isotopes of an element differ in the number of neutrons
ISOTOPES

 The word Isotope comes from the Greek word “iso” meaning “Equal” and “topos”
meaning “ place”.
 Isotopes occupy an equal place (location) in listings of elements because all isotopes of an
elements have the same atomic number
 There are a few elements for which all naturally occurring atoms have the same number of
neutrons – that is for which all atoms are identical; namely
 Be
 F
 Na
 Al
 P
 Au
ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN


1H 2H 3H
1 1 1
COMMON ISOTOPES OF URANIUM

235U 238U
92 92
EXAMPLES OF ISOTOPES
SILICON

 All Silicon atoms have 14 protons and 14 electrons.

 Most Silicon atoms have 14 neutrons, however, some Silicon atoms contain 15
neutrons, others contain 16 neutrons
 Thus, there are three different kinds of Silicon atoms that exists.
 CONCEPT MAP SHOWING THE
RELATIONSHIP OF THE PARTICLES
Ions can be made up of only one atom (monoatomic) or more than one type of atom
(polyatomic).
 MOLECULES
 A molecule is an aggregate of at least two atoms in a definite arrangement held together by chemical
forces (also called chemical bonds)
 A molecule may contain atoms of the same element or atoms of two or more elements joined in a
fixed ratio in accordance with the law of definite proportion Examples are the diatomic molecules :
H2, N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2, I2,
 Molecules that contain more than 2 atoms are called polyatomic molecules example: Water (H2O),
Ammonia (NH3)
 They can be a combination of two or more elements
 Ions
 Is an atom or a group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge .
Cation
Example is Sodium atom (Na)
 is a cation,
 it is positively charged.
 it looses its electrons
 it is represented by Na+
Anion
 Example is Chlorine atom (Cl)
 is an anion,
 it has negative charge
 It can gain electrons
 It is represented by Cl-
MONOATOMIC IONS

 Other atoms that can loose electrons are Mg+2, Fe+3

 Other atoms may gain electrons such as S-2, N- 3

These ions are called monoatomic because they contain only one atom.
POLYATOMIC IONS

 When two or more atoms combine to form an ion that has a net positive charge or
net negative charge is called POLYATOMIC IONS
 Examples of polyatomic ions
 Hydroxide ion (OH-)
 Cyanide ion (CN-)
 Ammonium (NH4+)
 SYMBOLS AND FORMULAS

ELEMENT SYMBOL ELEMENT SYMBOL ELEMENT SYMBOL ELEMENT SYMBOL ELEMENT SYMBOL

Aluminum Al Chromium Cr Helium He Magnesium Mg Silicon Si

Bromine Br Cobalt Co Hydrogen H Mercury Hg Silver Ag

Calcium Ca Copper Cu Iodine I Nitrogen N Sodium Na

Carbon C Fluorine F Iron Fe Oxygen O Sulfur S

Chlorine Cl Gold Au Lead Pb Potassium K Tin Sn

Zinc Zn
 FORMULA

 A formula is an abbreviation used to indicate a compound or a molecule of a compound.

 The formula also contains information about the compound.
 It shows its composition, using the symbols of the elements present in the substance .
 Chemical formulas express the composition of molecules and ionic compounds in terms of their
chemical symbols.
DIFFERENT TYPES OF FORMULAS

1. Molecular formula
2. Empirical formula
 MOLECULAR FORMULA
 Molecular formula
 shows the exact number of atoms of each element
 Only the molecular formula tells us the exact number of atoms
 Molecular formulas are the TRUE formulas of the molecules
 Example:
 H2O is the molecular formula of water
 The subscript indicates the number of atoms of an element present
 NH3 is the molecular formula of Ammonia
 H2O2 is the molecular formula of Hydrogen peroxide
 N2H4 is the molecular formula of Hydrazine
 EMPIRICAL FORMULA
Empirical formula
 This tells us which element are present and the simplest whole number
ratio of their atoms BUT NOT NECESSARILY THE ACTUAL NUMBER
OF ATOMS IN A GIVEN MOLECULE
 Empirical formulas are the simplest chemical formulas since they are
written by REDUCING the subscript in the molecular formula to the
simplest possible whole numbers
 Example Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 (MF), its empirical formula is HO
 Hydrazine N2H4 (MF), its empirical formula is NH2
 WRITE THE MOLECULAR FORMULA OF THE
FOLLOWING AND ITS EMPIRICAL FORMULA OF
THERE ARE ANY
1. Aurous oxide
2. Ammonium sulfide
3. Sodium hydroxide
4. Aurous sulfate
5. Plumbic oxide
6. Ten atoms of Carbon, fourteen atoms of Hydrogen and two atoms of
Nitrogen
 ANSWER

MF EF
1. Aurous oxide- Au2O none
2. Ammonium sulfide- (NH4)2S none
3. Sodium hydroxide- NaOH none
4. Aurous sulfate - Au2SO4 AuSO2
5. Plumbic oxide- Pb2O4 PbO2
6. Ten atoms of Carbon, fourteen atoms of Hydrogen and two atoms of Nitrogen
C10H14N2 C5H7N
 RULES IN FORMULA WRITING

1. The formula for metals, non metals, and inert

gases is also their symbol.
Ag- formula of Silver
P- formula of Phosphorus
He- formula for Helium
 RULES IN FORMULA WRITING

2. The common gases and the halogens are diatomic molecules, hence
their formulas are written with a subscript of 2 (two)
Formula for Fluorine – F2
Chlorine – Cl2
Bromine- Br2
Iodine – I2
Hydrogen- H2
Oxygen- O2
Nitrogen- N2
 RULES IN FORMULA WRITING

3. In writing formula for a given compound,

Write FIRST the symbol for the positive element (Cation)
Followed by the symbol for the negative element (Anion)
Example
The formula of Sodium sulfide Na+1 S-2 is Na2S
The formula for Aluminum oxide Al +3 O-2 is Al2O3
 RULES IN NAMING FORMULAS

4. In writing a formula which involves polyatomic ions,

Enclose polyatomic ions with a parenthesis before
writing their oxidation number
Example is the formula for Barium hydroxide
Ba +2 OH-1 is Ba(OH)2
The formula for Ammonium Phosphate
NH4 +1 PO4-3 is (NH4)3PO4
 RULES IN NAMING FORMULAS

5. Whenever applicable, give the simplest ratio of the atoms or

ions
Example:
Formula for Plumbic Oxide Pb+4 O-2 is Pb2O4 can be reduced
to PbO2
 THE SYSTEMATIC NAMING OF
COMPOUNDS
I. BINARY AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Binary compounds are those which contain only 2 (two ) elements chemically
combined.
A. BINARY COMPOUNDS OF METALS AND NON METALS
 The name is composed of the name of the first element and the word ending in
IDE
 CaBr2 is Calcium bromide
 Al2S3 is Aluminum sulfide
 WHEN A METAL HAS A VARIABLE OXIDATION
NUMBER, EITHER ONE OF THE FF SYSTEMS MAY
BE USED
OLD SYSTEM
The suffix – OUS is attached to the stem of the name of the metal with LOWER oxidation
number
The suffix – IC for the metal with HIGHER oxidation number
OLD SYSTEM
Au2O- Aurous oxide
FeO Ferrous oxide
PbCl2 Plumbous chloride
FeCl3 Ferric chloride
SnCl4 Stannic chloride
STOCK SYSTEM-
The metallic element is named first, followed by the oxidation number of the
metallic element in roman numeral enclosed in parenthesis, then the name of
the non metal ending in IDE
stock system
Au2O- Gold (I) oxide
FeO Iron (II) oxide
PbCl2 Lead (II) chloride
FeCl3 Iron (III) chloride
SnCl4 Tin (IV) chloride
THERE ARE SOME COMPOUNDS THAT CONTAIN
MORE THAN TWO ELEMENTS BUT ARE NAMED
LIKE BINARY COMPOUNDS
Example is Ammonium compound NH4+
(NH4)2S is Ammonium sulfide
In here, the ammonium ion acts like a simple
metal ion
CYANIDE

 Cyanide CN- ions acts like a simple non metal ions

 When Iron (Fe+2 ) reacts with cyanide (CN-) the product will be Ferrous cyanide
Fe(CN)2
 Fe(CN)2 or Ferrous cyanide is the old system of naming the compound
 Iron (II) cyanide is the stock system used in naming the compound
 HYDROXIDES (OH)
 Hydroxides are inorganic compounds that contain the OH- group.
 They are commonly called the bases, alkali's, or simply Hydroxides
 The OH- ion acts like a simple non metal ion

NaOH is Sodium hydroxide

Ca(OH)2 is Calcium hydroxide
Fe (OH)3 is ferric hydroxide in the old system and Iron (III) hydroxide in the stock
system
Sn (OH)4 is Stannic hydroxide in the old system and Tin (IV) hydroxide in the stock
system
 BINARY COMPOUNDS OF TWO NON
METALS
 Binary compounds of two non metals
 The name of the element with the positive oxidation number is given,
 Followed by the name of the element with the negative oxidation number
ending in IDE
 N2O5 is Nitrogen pentoxide (Greek prefixes are used to denote the number of
element with the negative oxidation number )
 BINARY ACIDS
 Are aqueous solutions of compounds consisting of hydrogen and non
metal .
 For acids, the prefix “Hydro” is added and ends with the suffix
“IC ACID”
EXAMPLE GAS ACID
HBr Hydrogen bromide Hydrobromic acid
H2S Hydrogen sulfide Hydrosulfuric acid
HCN Hydrogen cyanide Hydrocyanic acid
HCl Hydrogen chloride Hydrochloric acid
TERNARY COMPOUNDS

 They contain three elements, one of which is Oxygen.

Examples
Ca3(PO4)2 is Calcium phosphate
K2C2O4 is Potassium oxalate
Au2SO4 in old method is Aurous sulfate while in stock method is Gold (I) sulfate
Au2(SO4 )3 in old method is Auric sulfate while in stock method is Gold (III) sulfate
 TERNARY ACIDS
 These are aqueous solutions of compound that contain more than two elements.
 They always contain OXYGEN along with HYDROGEN.
 The acids are named as follows:
 HBrO3 is bromic acid (subscript 3)- suffix IC is for higher subscript
 HBrO2 is bromous acid (subscript 2)- suffix – OUS is for lower subscript

LOWER SUBSCRIPT lower than OUS will use the prefix HYPO and the suffix OUS
HBrO is Hypobromous acid

HIGHER SUBSCIRPT (usually has a 4 subscript) will use the prefix PER and the suffix IC
HBrO4 is Perbromic acid
COMMON ELEMENTS AND THEIR
OXIDATION NUMBER S
 symbol oxidation number
 Ammonium NH4 +1
 Hydrogen H +1
 Lithium Li +1
 Aurous Au +1
 Auric Au +3
 Cuprous Cu +1
 Cupric Cu +2
 symbol oxidation number
 Mercurous Hg +1
 Mercuric Hg +2
 Potassium K +1
 Silver Ag +1
 Sodium Na +1
 Arsenate AsO4 -3
 Arsenite AsO3 -3
 symbol oxidation number
 Phosphate PO4 -3
 Phosphite PO3 -3
 Carbonate CO3 -2
 Bicarbonate HCO3 -1
 Chromate CrO4 -2
 Dichromate Cr2O7 -2
 Oxalate C2O4 -2
 symbol oxidation number
 Acetate CH3COO or +1
C2H3O2 +1
 Beryllium Be +2
 Barium Ba +2
 Calcium Ca +2
 Cobaltous Co +2
 Cobaltic Co +3
 symbol oxidation number
 Chromous Cr +2
 Chromic Cr +3
 Oxide O -2
 Peroxide O2 -2
 Hydroxide OH -1
 Sulfide S -2
 Sulfite SO3 -2
 Sulfate SO4 -2
 Bisulfite HSO3 -1
 Bislufate HSO4 -1
 Silicate SiO3 -2
 symbol oxidation number
 Ferrous Fe +2
 Ferric Fe +3
 Plumbous Pb +2
 Plumbic Pb +4
 Magnesium Mg +2
 Stannous Sn +2
 Stannic Sn +4
 Strontium Sr +2
 Zinc Zn +2
 symbol oxidation number
 Iodide I -1
 Iodite IO2 -1
 Iodate IO3 -1
 Periodate IO4 -1
 Hypoiodite IO -1
 symbol oxidation number
 Nitride N -3
 Nitrite NO2 -1
 Nitrate NO3 -1
 Cyanide CN -1
 Aluminum Al +3
 Antimony Sb +3
 Arsenic As +3
 symbol oxidation number
 Bromide Br -1
 Bromite BrO2 -1
 Bromate BrO3 -1
 Perbromate BrO4 -1
 Hypobromite HBrO -1
 Tetraborate B4O7 -2
 Permanganate MnO4 -1
 symbol oxidation number
 Chloride Cl -1
 Chlorite ClO2 -1
 Chlorate ClO3 -1
 Perchlorate ClO4 -1
 Hypochlorite HClO -1
 Fluoride F -1