Pertemuan I Mikro

MICROORGANISMS
AND
MICROBIOLOGY
Oleh :
R A H I M, S.Pi.,M.Si
PRODI PERIKANAN
FAKULTAS PERTANIAN, PERIKANAN DAN PETERNAKAN
UNIVERSITAS SEMBILANBELAS NOVEMBER KOLAKA
Introduction to Microbiology
 Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.

 Microorganisms are all single-celled
microscopic organisms and include the
viruses, which are microscopic but not
cellular.
 Microbial cells differ in a fundamental way
from the cells of plants and animals in that
microorganisms are independent entities that
carry out their life processes independently of
other cells.
Lanjutan …
The science of microbiology revolves around

two interconnected themes:
1) understanding the living world of

microscopic organisms,
2) applying our understanding of microbial life
processes for the benefit of humankind and
planet Earth.
Microbial Cells
 A basic tenet of biology is that the cell is the
fundamental unit of life.
 A single cell is an entity isolated from other such
entities by a membrane; many cells also have a cell
wall outside the membrane.
 The membrane defines the compartment that is the
cell, maintains the correct proportions of internal
constituents, and prevents leakage, while the wall
lends structural strength to the cell.
 Cells can communicate, move about, and exchange
materials with their environments, and so they are
constantly undergoing change.
A Typical Prokaryotic Cell
Microorganisms and
Their Enviromental
 In nature, microbial cells live in populations in association
with populations of cells of other species.
 A population is a group of cells derived from a single
parental cell by successive cell divisions.
 The immediate environment in which a microbial
population lives is called its habitat.
 Populations of cells interact with other populations in
microbial communities.
 The diversity and abundance of microorganisms in
microbial communities is controlled by the resources
(foods) and conditions (temperature, pH, oxygen content,
and so on) that prevail in their habitat.
Evolution and The Extent
of Microbial Life
 Microorganisms were the first entities on Earth with the
properties of living systems.
 A particular group of microorganisms called the
cyanobacteria were pivotal in biological evolution because
oxygen (O2)—a waste product of their metabolism—
prepared planet Earth for more complex life forms.
 Because all cells are constructed in similar ways, it is thought
that all cells have descended from a common ancestral cell,
the last universal common ancestor (LUCA).
 Evolution selected for improvements and diversification of
these early cells to eventually yield the highly complex and
diverse cells we see today.
b
Figure 1.7 Phototrophic
microorganisms.
(a) Purple sulfur bacteria
(anoxygenic phototrophs).
(b) Cyanobacteria (oxygenic
phototrophs).
Purple bacteria appeared on Earth long
before oxygenic phototrophs
evolved
Estimates of total microbial cell

numbers on Earth are on the
a order of 2.5 x 10 30 cells.
The total amount of carbon
present in this very large
number of very small cells
equals that of all plants
on Earth (and plant carbon far
exceeds animal carbon). But in
addition, the collective contents
of nitrogen and phosphorus in
microbial cells is more than 10
times that in all plant biomass.
The Impact of Microorganisms
on Humans
 Microorganisms as Agents of Disease
 Microorganisms, Digestive Processes, and
Agriculture, Aquaculture
 Microorganisms and Food, Energy, and the
Environment
Pathways of Discovery in
Microbiology
Lanjutan ….
Koch’s postulates state the following:
1) The disease-causing organism must always be present

in animals suffering from the disease but not in
healthy animals.
2) The organism must be cultivated in a pure culture a
way from the animal body.
3) The isolated organism must cause the disease when
inoculated into healthy susceptible animals.
4) The organism must be isolated from the newly
infected animals and cultured again in the laboratory,
after which it should be seen to be the same as the
original organism.
Principles
of Light
Microscopy
Visualization of
microorganisms
requires a microscope,
either a light
microscope or an
electron microscope. In
general,
lightmicroscopes are
used to examine cells at
relatively low
magnifications, and
electron microscopes
are used to look at cells
and cell structures at
very high
magnification.
Improving Contrast in Light Microscopy
 In microscopy, improving contrast typically improves the final

image.
 Staining is an easy way to improve contrast, but there are many
other approaches.
 Dyes can be used to stain cells and increase their contrast so that
they can be more easily seen in the bright-field microscope.
 Dyes are organic compounds, and each

class of dye has an affinity for specific
cellular materials.
 Many dyes used in microbiology are
positively charged, and for this reason
they are called basic dyes.
 Examples of basic dyes include
methylene blue, crystal violet, and
safranin
Differential Stains: The Gram Stain
 Stains that render different kinds of cells different colors

are called differential stains.
 An important differential-staining procedure used in
microbiology is the Gram stain.
 On the basis of their reaction to the Gram stain, bacteria
can be divided into two major groups: gram-positive and
gram-negative.
 The Gram stain is one of the most useful staining
procedures in microbiology
Staining cells for
microscopic observation.
TUGAS
1. Apa yang dimaksud mikroorganisme dan
mikrobiologi ?
2. Gambar sel bakteri dan bagian-bagiannya?
3. Kelimpahan dan keanekaragaman
mikroorganisme dikontrol lingkungan,
sebutkan!
4. Sebutkan dan jelaskan manfaat
mikroorganisme bagi kehidupan?
5. Jelaskan dan gambarkan Koch’h Postulates
6. Sebutkan perbedaan bakteri gram negatif dan
gram positif ?

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MICROORGANISMS

 Microbiology is the study of microorganisms.

The science of microbiology revolves around

1) understanding the living world of

Estimates of total microbial cell

Koch’s postulates state the following:

1) The disease-causing organism must always be present

 In microscopy, improving contrast typically improves the ﬁnal

 Dyes are organic compounds, and each

 Stains that render different kinds of cells different colors

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