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TOPIC : EARTHQUAKE
NAME(GROUP) : CHARLIE GROUP CLASS: 9TH “F” SUBJECT : DISASTER MANAGEMENT Earthquakes • Causes - tectonics and faults • Magnitude - energy and intensity • Earthquake geography • Seismic hazards - shaking, etc. • Recurrence - frequency and regularity • Prediction? • Mitigation and preparedness Causes: accumulated strain leads to fault rupture - the elastic rebound model North American tectonic regimes (much simplified) Styles of faulting Causes: fault movement releases energy as seismic waves radiating from rupture
Seismic waves Seismic wave forms S wave
P wave
L wave (Rayleigh wave)
L wave (Love wave) The Richter scale Steps: 1. Measure the interval (in seconds) between the arrival of the first P and S waves. 2. Measure the amplitude of the largest S waves. 3. Use nomogram to estimate distance from earthquake (S-P interval) and magnitude (join points on S-P interval scale and S amplitude scale). 4. Use seismograms from at least three geographic locations to locate epicentre by triangulation. The Richter scale 2 nomogram 1 Steps
Nomogram Earthquake geography
Source: GSHAP, Switzerland
Seismic hazard: North & Central America Seismic hazards • Locating faults • Estimating recurrence: history and geology • Measuring relative motions and crustal deformation • Learning from analogies • Assessing probabilities Locating faults: Seattle Fault (LIDAR image) Prediction: where will the Berkeley
next Oakland earthquake in the Bay Area San Francisco
occur? San Jose
Santa Cruz Lawrence Livermore The Hayward fault runs through UC Berkeley campus UC Berkeley (US $1 billion seismic upgrade program) Recurrence - historical records
San Francisco City Hall, 1906 Learning from analogues (Turkey - California) Probabilities, yes! but prediction, no! • 1996 - Earthquake prediction group of Japanese Seismological Survey voluntarily disbands (after Kobe)
• 2000 - British researcher argues that prediction of
main shock impossible at present; immediate goal should be prediction of aftershock location and magnitude Building collapse as a result of soil liquefaction, Niigata, Japan, 1964 Liquefaction and the urban fire hazard: San Francisco, 1906
2-6 m of lateral City lost 90% of water
displacement in old marsh supply; fires raged out soils -> 300 breaks in of control water lines Photos: Archives, Museum of San Francisco Ground motion, structural damage and basin morphology: Mexico City, 1985 Damage
heavy light heavy
body\surface surface/body
ridge basin basin
periodic random periodic
<< << wall collapse, Pakistan, 2005
Complete collapse of multi-storey
apartment, Pakistan, 2005 >>>>
QuickTime™ and a TIFF (LZW) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
<<<< pancaking of ‘soft-storey’
buildings near Algiers (May, 2003); Bridge collapse Loma Prieta earthquake, CA (1989) Preparedness: Modifying the building code in the western US
