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    Introduction To Heat Transfer

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    AYALEYDEN
    This chapter introduces heat transfer. It is defined as the transfer of thermal energy due to a temperature difference. There are three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction occurs through direct contact of materials, convection involves energy transfer by a moving fluid, and radiation transfers energy through electromagnetic waves between surfaces. Understanding heat transfer is important for applications like designing efficient containers and insulation.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Introduction To Heat Transfer

    Uploaded by

    AYALEYDEN
    183 views17 pages
    This chapter introduces heat transfer. It is defined as the transfer of thermal energy due to a temperature difference. There are three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction occurs through direct contact of materials, convection involves energy transfer by a moving fluid, and radiation transfers energy through electromagnetic waves between surfaces. Understanding heat transfer is important for applications like designing efficient containers and insulation.

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    introduction to heat transfer for chemical engineering

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    introduction to heat transfer

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    This chapter introduces heat transfer. It is defined as the transfer of thermal energy due to a temperature difference. There are three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction occurs through direct contact of materials, convection involves energy transfer by a moving fluid, and radiation transfers energy through electromagnetic waves between surfaces. Understanding heat transfer is important for applications like designing efficient containers and insulation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    183 views17 pages

    Introduction To Heat Transfer

    Uploaded by

    AYALEYDEN
    This chapter introduces heat transfer. It is defined as the transfer of thermal energy due to a temperature difference. There are three main modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. Conduction occurs through direct contact of materials, convection involves energy transfer by a moving fluid, and radiation transfers energy through electromagnetic waves between surfaces. Understanding heat transfer is important for applications like designing efficient containers and insulation.

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    You are on page 1of 17

    CHE 463 HEAT TRANSFER

    CHAPTER 1

    INTRODUCTION TO
    HEAT TRANSFER
    Prepared by
    NURHASLINA CHE RADZI
    FKK, UITM
    In this chapter we will learn

     What is heat transfer?

     How is heat transferred?

     Why heat transfer is important?


    Definition:

    Heat transfer is thermal energy transfer


    that is induced by a temperature
    difference (or gradient)
    Modes of Heat Transfer:

    (i) Conduction Heat Transfer


    - Occurs when a temperature gradient exists through
    a solid or a stationary fluid (fluid/gas)

    (ii) Convection Heat Transfer


    - Occurs within a moving fluid or between a solid surface
    and a moving fluid when they are at different temperatures

    (iii) Thermal radiation


    - Heat transfer between two surfaces (that are not in
    contact)
    Modes of Heat Transfer: Examples
    Example: Design of a container
    A closed container filled with hot coffee is in a room
    whose air and walls are at a fixed temperature.
    Identify all heat transfer processes that contribute to
    cooling of the coffee. Comment on features that
    would contribute to a superior container design.
    CONDUCTION
    Transfer of energy from the more energetic to less
    energetic particles of a substance by collisions between
    atoms and/or molecules.
     Atomic and molecular activity – random molecular
    motion (diffusion)

    T1
    T1>T2

    x qx”
    o

    T2 T2
    x
    Consider a brick wall, of thickness L=0.3 m which in a cold
    winter day is exposed to a constant inside temperature,
    T1=20°C and a constant outside temperature, T2=-20°C.
     Under steady-
    state conditions
    the temperature
    varies linearly as a
    function of x. Wall Area, A
    T1=20° qx”
     The rate of C
    conductive heat
    transfer in the x-
    direction depends T T2= -20°C
    on

    x L=0.3 m
    T1  T2
    q"x 
    L
     The proportionality constant is a transport property,
    known as thermal conductivity k (units W/m.K)
    T1  T2 T
    q"x k k
    L L
     For the brick wall, k=0.72 W/m.K (assumed constant),
    therefore qx”= 96 W/m2
     How would this value change if instead of the brick
    wall we had a piece of polyurethane insulating foam
    of the same dimensions? (k=0.026 W/m.K)
     qx” is the heat flux (units W/m2 or (J/s)/m2), which is
    the heat transfer rate in the x-direction per unit area
    perpendicular to the direction of transfer.
     The heat rate, qx (units W=J/s) through a plane wall
    of area A is the product of the flux and the area: qx=
    qx”. A
     In the general case the rate of heat transfer in the
    x-direction is expressed in terms of the Fourier law:

    T1(high) qx”
    dT
    q"x  k
    dx T2 (low)
    x1 x2
    x
     Minus sign because heat flows from high to low T
    - For a linear profile

    dT (T2  T1 )
     0
    dx ( x2  x1 )
    CONVECTION
     Energy transfer by sum of molecular diffusion (as in
    conduction) and macroscopic (advection) movement.
    – Convection: transport by random motion of
    molecules and by bulk motion of fluid.
    – Advection: transport due solely to bulk fluid motion.

    Types of convection:

     Forced convection: Caused by external means such as


    by fan, pump and atmospheric winds

     Natural (free) convection: Flow induced by buoyancy


    forces which arises from density differences caused by
    temperature variations in the fluid

     Boiling and condensation: Latent heat exchange is


    associated with phase changes
    Air at 20°C blows over a hot plate, which is maintained
    at a temperature Ts=300°C and has dimensions 20x40
    cm.

    T  20 C
    Air
    q”
    TS  300 C

    The convective heat flux is proportional to

    q"x  TS  T
     The proportionality constant is the convection heat
    transfer coefficient, h (W/m2.K)

    q"x  h(TS  T )
    Newton’s law of Cooling

     For air h=25 W/m2.K, therefore the heat flux is qx”=


    7,000 W/m2
     How would this value change if instead of blowing
    air we had still air (h=5 W/m2.K) or flowing water
    (h=50 W/m2.K)
     The heat rate, is qx= qx”. A = qx”. (0.2 x 0.4) = 560 W.
     The heat transfer coefficient depends on surface
    geometry, nature of the fluid motion, as well as fluid
    properties. For typical ranges of values, see Table 1.1
    textbook.
     In this solution we assumed that heat flux is positive
    when heat is transferred from the surface to the fluid
    Radiation
     Thermal radiation is energy emitted by matter
     Energy is transported by electromagnetic waves (or
    photons).
     Can occur from solid surfaces, liquids and gases.
     Does not require presence of a medium

    Surroundings at Tsur
     Emissive power E is
    the radiation emitted
    by the surface
     Irradiation G is the rate
    "
    qincident  G qemitted
    "
    E
    of incident radiation
    per unit area of the
    surface, originating
    from its surroundings
    Surface at Ts
     For an ideal radiator, or blackbody:

    
    qemitted  Eb  Ts4 Stefan-Boltzmann law

    where Ts is the absolute temperature of the surface


    (K) and  is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant,
    ( = 5.67x10-8 W/m2.K4)

     For a real surface:

     is the emissivity
    "
    qemitted E  Ts4
    0   1
     The irradiation G, originating from the surroundings is:
     is the absorptivity
    "
    qincident  G  Tsur
    4 For a “grey” surface, =
    0  a 1
     The net radiation heat transfer from the
    surface, per unit area is

    "
    qrad  (Ts4  Tsur
    4
    )

     The net radiation heat exchange can be


    also expressed in the form:

    qrad  hr A(Ts  Tsur )

    where hr  (Ts  Tsur )(Ts2  Tsur


    2
    )
    For a control surface:

    qrad”
    qcond”
    T E in  E out  0
    1
    or
    qconv” "
    qcond  qconv
    "
     qrad
    "
    0
    T
    T 2

    T
    x

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