The document discusses three primary modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It provides details on each mode, including definitions and relevant equations like Fourier's Law, Newton's Law of Cooling, and the Stefan-Boltzmann Law.
The document discusses three primary modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It provides details on each mode, including definitions and relevant equations like Fourier's Law, Newton's Law of Cooling, and the Stefan-Boltzmann Law.
The document discusses three primary modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It provides details on each mode, including definitions and relevant equations like Fourier's Law, Newton's Law of Cooling, and the Stefan-Boltzmann Law.
The document discusses three primary modes of heat transfer: conduction, convection, and radiation. It provides details on each mode, including definitions and relevant equations like Fourier's Law, Newton's Law of Cooling, and the Stefan-Boltzmann Law.
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Date-19/07/2023
HEAT TRANSFER METHOD
Thermax-Sudarshan Chemicals Ltd. Roha
INTRODUCTION • Heat transfer refers to the process by which thermal energy is transferred from one object or system to another due to a temperature difference. It occurs in various forms and plays a fundamental role in our everyday lives and numerous industrial processes. • The driving force behind heat transfer is the temperature difference between two objects or regions. Heat naturally flows from a higher temperature region to a lower temperature region until thermal equilibrium is reached, where both objects have the same temperature. The goal of heat transfer is to balance temperatures and equalize thermal energy distribution. Type of Heat Transfer There are three primary modes of heat transfer: 1. Conduction 2. Convection 3. Radiation Conduction Conduction is the transfer of heat through direct contact between solid objects. In a boiler, conduction is important for the transfer of heat from the combustion chamber to the boiler tubes or heat exchanger walls. The hot gases or flames come into contact with the walls, and heat is conducted from the hotter surface to the cooler surface. Fourier's Law • The main condition of heat transfer by conduction is Temperature difference and always heat flows from a hotter body to colder body. • Fourier's law state that- “Rate of heat transfer is the product of Area normal to heat flow path, temperature gradient and thermal conductivity of the material". Mathematically this can be written as • q = dQ/dt = -KA dt/dx Where • q = Rate of heat transfer • K = Thermal conductivity of the Conducting material • A = Area normal to heat flow path • dt/dx = temperature gradient or the rate of change of temperature with reference to the distance in the direction of heat flow. Convection Convection is the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids (liquids or gases). In a boiler, convection occurs as the hot gases generated by combustion rise and carry heat away from the combustion chamber. This convective heat transfer is responsible for heating the water or generating steam inside the boiler. The movement of the fluid helps distribute heat more evenly and improves overall efficiency. Newton's Law of cooling • The rate of heat transfer by convection is product of heat transfer area, difference of temperature between surface and that of fluid and a constant called as convective heat transfer coefficient. The equation can be written as • q = hAMT Where • q = average rate of heat transfer by convection (Watt or J/s) • A = heat transfer Area (m 2) • AT = difference of temperature between surface and that of the fluid (°C). • h = convective heat transfer coefficient W/ (m2 K). Radiation Radiation is the transfer of heat through electromagnetic waves without the need for a medium or direct contact. In a boiler, radiation plays a minor role compared to conduction and convection, but it still contributes to heat transfer. The hot surfaces of the boiler, such as the combustion chamber or heat exchanger, radiate heat energy in the form of infrared radiation. This radiation can be absorbed by cooler surfaces, contributing to overall heat transfer in the system. Stefan Boltzmann Law • In 1879 "Stefan" proposed that the total emissive power of a radiating surface of a black body is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the surface. This was then proofed by "Boltzmann" in 1884. Mathematically this law may be written as. • q = αAT^4 Where • q = rate of heat emission by radiation • A = Area of the emitting body (m 2) • T = absolute temperature (K) • α = a constant known as Stefan — Boltzmann constant THANK YOU BY- AMIT KUMAR SINGH
