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Embryology 07.02.17
Embryology 07.02.17
• Is the process of rupture of grafian follicle with the liberation of secondary oocyte
from ovary.
• It occurs approimately 14 days before the onset of next menstrual bleeding.
• It is due to increase secretion of L.H. from anterior pituitary .
• During ovaulation some women feel a slight, pain in the lower abdomen known as
middle pain or MITTELS MERZ.(Due to slight bleeding into the paritoneal cavity)
• Ovaulation is generally charcterized by rise in bassal body temprature.
• Some women fail to ovulate because of low concentration of gonadotropins.
• Ovaulation cab be induced by giving gonadotropins, clomiphene citrate :-
stimulates the release of pit. Gonadotropins (F.S.H. &L.H)
• Resulting maturation of several ovarian follicles and multiple ovaulation.
• So multiple pregnancy increases.
Ovulation- Is the a process shedding off an ovum from the ovary
• Stutructure of the secondary oocyte
• It is about 140 micron in diameter
(c)- Post Ovulatry or Luteal Phase or Stage – Conrrespond to the 2nd
half of manstrual cycle
Formation of copus luteum following ovulation
Changes in the uterine endo metrium take place due progesteron
• Last only 10-14 days if pregnancy does not occur
• It degenrates and transfomed into mass of fibrous tissue called cropus albicans.
• This corpus luteum is called copus luteum of menstruation
• Corpus luteum of pregnancy-
• The denereration of corpus luteum results in sudden withdrawal of progestrone from
circulating blood.
• The results in loss of integrity of uterine endometrium and initiates the menstrual
bleeding.
Corpus luteum of pregnancy-
• If ovum is fertilized corpus luteum persists for 3-4 months under the influence of HCG,
secreted by trophoblast of embedded blastocyst in the endo metrium.
• Progesterone secreted by the corpus luteum maintain the pregnancy for 3-4 months
and
• thereafter pregnancy is maintained by progesterone secreted by placenta .
• Fate of ovarian Follicles- In each ovarian cycle, number of ovarian follicles begin
to develop but only one reaches maturity.
• 1. Corpus luteum – After ruptures and sheds of a secondary oocyte, the wall of empty
follicle collapses to form cor lut.
• 2. Follicle that fail to reach maturity they degenerate.
• 3. Oocyte and granulosa cells of each follicle disappear
• Cells of theca interna proliferate to form interstitian gland (secrete estogen for some
period and then degenrate for form corpus abicans.
• Menstrual cycle
• The uterine endometrium under goes monthly cycles changes during
reproductive life of a women endometrial cycle also reffered to as
menstrual cycle because of menstrution (flow a blood from the uterus) as
a important feature.
• Menstrual cycle of roughly 28 days
• Day one is the day when the menstrual flow stats
• The ovulation occurs in the middle of the cycle (14 days)
• Changes in the endometium occurs due to strogen and progesterone scereted by ovaries.
• Each menstrual cycle for phases .
The phases are - 1. Menstrual phase
• 2. Proliferative phase
• 3. Secretary phase
• 4. Premenstrual phase
Placenta
Constituents of Placental Membrane
• Cleavage- Repeated mitotic divisions of zygote into smaller units
• These celled blastomeres
• Division start after fertilization and continuous as the zygote passes
long the uterine tube
• During cleavage the zygote is surrounded by zona pellucida
• 16 cells embryo (mulberry fruit) called morula enters into the utreine
cavity
• The cells arranged into 2 groups -outer layer Trophoblast, inner cell
mass kown as embryoblast
• Blastocyst formation – When morula enters into the ut cavity the
endo meterial fluid (Uterine milk) inter cellular spaces of morula.
• Inter cellular spaces with each other and form single large cavity
known as blastocele and embryo called blastocyst.
• The fluid into blastocele rich in nutrients
• As the cavity enlarge the inner cells mass is attached to the tropho
blast at one pole – embryonic pole- gives rised to embryo and
trophoblast provide nutrients to embryo.
• Zona pellucida disappear
• Now the blastosyst ready for inplantation.
• Implantation of blastosyst- on 6-7 day after fertilization- completed 10-
12 day
• Is a process by which blastosyst embeded into uterine cavity near upper
part of the posterior wall of uterus near the fundus.
• Embryoblast and its fate- 8 DAY Embryoblast differntiates in to 2 layers
• At 1st the cells hypoblast lining inner aspect (towards the blastosyst cavity)
differentiates to form flattened or cuboidal cells known as hypoblast
• The remaining cells of embryoblast known as epiblast
• Thus bilaminar germ disc is formed with an extra celulalr basement
memberane between the hypoblast and epiblast.
• DECIDUA- THE Endometrium of the pregnant utreus is called as decidua-.
• The portion of decidua where the placenta is to be formed called decidua
basalis.
• The part of decidua that embryo from the uterine lumen is called decidua
capsularis and remaining part of the decidua lining the uterine cavaty
decidua parietalis.
• Amniotic cavity formation- 8 day of development small cavity appears
within the epiblast Which enlarges to form amniotic cavity- (Appearing
between epiblast below and trophoblast above) Thus the flow of the
anmiotic cavity is formed by epiblast and roof by flanted called
amnioblasts
• Primary yolk sec formation- 9 day flanttened cells arising from hypoblast
line the inside of the blastocyst cavity- this thin membrane is referred as
HEUSER’S MEMBRANE
• This blastosyst cavity known as primary yolk sec.
• Extra embryonic mesoderm formation- 11-12 DAY
• Extrambryonic celome formation
• 1- Somatopleuric lining inside trophoblast and outside the amniotic
• Splanchnopleuric ( Visceral ) lining outside the primary yolk sec
• Connecting Stalk- The unsplit extra embryonic measodum through which
embryo along with amniotic and yolk sec ia attached to the trophoblast is
called connecting stalk- forming umlikal called with the development of
blood vessels in it.
• Chorion
Formation of Notochord
Functions of Notochord - 1. It forms the central axis of the developing
embryo.
2. It induces the formation of neural tube from the overlying ectoderm.
3. It provides central column around which vertebral bodies and interverebral dises
develop.