Cell Parts and Its Function DLL

Cell Structure and Function
Cell
• All cells have three things in common no
matter what type of cell they are.
1. Cell membrane
• All cells have a cell membrane which
separate the inside of the cell from the
outside of the cell.
2. Cytoplasm-jelly like fluid
2. Cytoplasm
3. DNA
• Carries the genetic material.
2 types of Cell
• Eukaryotic
• Prokaryotic
1. Eukaryotic Cells
• Nucleus bound by membrane
• Possess many organelles
Eukaryotic cells have one or
more cells these are
multicellular organisms.
• More advance, complex cells
such as those found in
animals and plants.
Eukaryotic cells
Include fungi, protists, plant,
and animal cells
Why protists are considered
as eukaryotes?
• Like all eukaryotic cells, those of protists
have a characteristic central compartment
called the nucleus, which houses their
genetic material. They also have
specialized cellular machinery called
organelles that execute defined functions
within the cell
2. Prokaryotic cells
Prokaryotic Cells
• They have genetic materials but it’s not
contained in the nucleus.
• Unicellular
• First cell type on earth
• Cell type of Bacteria and Archaea
Prokaryotic Cells
• No membrane bound nucleus
• Nucleoid = region of DNA concentration
• Organelles not bound by membranes
What are organelles?
• These are the termed coined for little organ. Organelles
are specialized parts of the cell that have unique jobs to
perform.
• Let us start with the nucleus.
1. Nucleus
Nucleus
• Control center of cell

• Double membrane
• Contains
– Chromosomes
– Nucleolus
– DNA
DNA
• Hereditary material
• Chromosomes
– DNA
– Proteins
– Form for cell division
• Chromatin
Chromatin
• Tangled, spread out form of the DNA
found inside the nuclear membrane.
• When the cell is ready to divide, DNA
condenses into structures known as
chromosomes.
Nucleolus
• Nucleus also contain nucleolus which are
the structures where ribosomes where
made.
• After the ribosomes leave the nucleus,
they will have the important job of
synthesizing or making proteins.
• Outside the nucleus the ribosomes, and
the rest of the organelles float around in
the cytoplasm, which is the jelly like
substance.
The ribosomes wander freely
at the cytoplasm
or attach at the ER
Cytoplasm
Divided into two
• Rough ER-makes protein due to
ribosomes attached.
• Smooth ER- metabolizes cholesterol,

membrane, synthesis, detoxification,
stores calcium. Ribosomes is not attached
to it.
Endoplasmic Reticulum
• Helps move substances within cells
• Network of interconnected membranes
• Two types
– Rough endoplasmic reticulum
– Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
• Membrane enclosed passageway for
transporting materials, such as proteins
synthesize by ribosomes.
• Proteins and other materials emerge from the
endoplasmic reticulum in small vesicles where
the golgi apparatus receives them.
Golgi Body/ Golgi apparatus
• As the proteins moved through the Golgi
Body, they customized into forms which
the cell can use.
• The Golgi body does this by folding the

proteins into usable shapes or adding
materials onto them such as lipids or
carbohydrates,
Vacuoles
• Sac-like structures that stores
different materials.
• More common in plants than animals
• Contents
– Water
– Food
– wastes
In plant cells, water is stored.
Representative Animal Cell
Representative Plant Cell
Cell Membrane
• Contains cell contents
• Double layer of phospholipids & proteins
Lysosomes
• Contain digestive enzymes
• Functions
– Aid in cell renewal
– Break down old cell parts
– Digests invaders
• In animal cell, there is a lysosome which is
the garbage collector
• Taken damage to the worn out cell parts.
• They are filled with enzymes that break
down cellular debris.
Mitochondria
• Break down fuel molecules (cellular respiration)
– Glucose
– Fatty acids
• Powerhouse of both plants and animal
cells.
• Cellular respiration-the mitochondria
makes ATP molecules that provide the
energy for all the cells activity.
• Cells that have more energy have more
mitochondria.
Cytoskeleton
• The cell maintains it’s shape by the
cytoskeleton.
• Contains thread like shape called
microfilaments. These are made by protein.
Chloroplast
Chloroplasts
• This is where the photosynthesis
happens.
• Solar energy capturing organelle
Chlorophyll
• Green pigment.
• Cell wall
The cell wall is the protective structure
found in plants and algae, and in some
Eukaryotic cells.
• Helps to shape, support and protect.
Other unique structure
• 1. Cilia- microscopic hair-like structure that can
move like waves, these structure helps to trap
and inhaled particles in the air and expels
when you cough.
2. Flagella
1. is like a little tail to help the cell move.
Ex. Bacteria-
2. Sperm cell
Cell Walls
• Found in plants, fungi, & many protists
• Surrounds plasma membrane
End Chapter 5

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Cell Structure and Function

• Control center of cell

• Smooth ER- metabolizes cholesterol,

• Network of interconnected membranes

• The Golgi body does this by folding the

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