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    EPO460 Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    Hazizi Khairy
    This document provides an overview of electromagnetism and magnetic circuits. It discusses key concepts such as magnetic flux, magnetic field intensity, permeability, reluctance, and hysteresis loops. Examples are given to illustrate how to calculate magnetic flux produced by a coil, total reluctance of a magnetic circuit, and flux density in air gaps of a motor. Losses in ferromagnetic cores from hysteresis and eddy currents are also summarized.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    EPO460 Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    Hazizi Khairy
    56 views15 pages
    This document provides an overview of electromagnetism and magnetic circuits. It discusses key concepts such as magnetic flux, magnetic field intensity, permeability, reluctance, and hysteresis loops. Examples are given to illustrate how to calculate magnetic flux produced by a coil, total reluctance of a magnetic circuit, and flux density in air gaps of a motor. Losses in ferromagnetic cores from hysteresis and eddy currents are also summarized.

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    Electromagnetism

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    This document provides an overview of electromagnetism and magnetic circuits. It discusses key concepts such as magnetic flux, magnetic field intensity, permeability, reluctance, and hysteresis loops. Examples are given to illustrate how to calculate magnetic flux produced by a coil, total reluctance of a magnetic circuit, and flux density in air gaps of a motor. Losses in ferromagnetic cores from hysteresis and eddy currents are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    56 views15 pages

    EPO460 Lecture 1

    Uploaded by

    Hazizi Khairy
    This document provides an overview of electromagnetism and magnetic circuits. It discusses key concepts such as magnetic flux, magnetic field intensity, permeability, reluctance, and hysteresis loops. Examples are given to illustrate how to calculate magnetic flux produced by a coil, total reluctance of a magnetic circuit, and flux density in air gaps of a motor. Losses in ferromagnetic cores from hysteresis and eddy currents are also summarized.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 15

    FOUNDATION OF

    ELECTROMAGNETISM
    (LECTURE 1)

    EPO460 March 2013 1


    Basic Principles of
    Electromagnetism
    • Magnet
    • Magnetic Flux, ϕ
    • electromagnet is a type of
    magnet whose magnetic field
    is produced by the flow of
    electric current.
    Magnetic fields – for energy
    conversion
    in t/f, generators, motors
    magnetic flux density, B = ϕ/A
    EPO460 March 2013 2
    Ampere's law:

    Where H is the magnetic field intensity


    produced by Ni, unit Henry per metre
    L is the mean path length of core
    N is the total number of turns
    i is the current supplied

    EPO460 March 2013 3


    NZA 2009
    A simple magnetic core

    H – magnetic field intensity (ampere-turn per meter)


    µ –permeability of any material (henrys per meter)
    B – resulting magnetic flux density produced (Weber per
    square meter or Tesla)

    EPO460 March 2013 4


    Relationship between B & H
    µr – relative permeability
    µo – permeability of free space (4 x 10-7H/m)

    magnetic flux density for magnetic core earlier


    therefore, given by:

    EPO460 March 2013 5


    Comparison between electric circuit & magnetic circuit

    V  IR

    EPO460 March 2013 6


    Reluctances in magnetic circuit
    NiA A A
      Ni  F
    lc lc lc
    lc
    
    A
     eq  1   2   3  ....... Series Reluctances

    1 1 1 1
        .........
     eq 1  2 3 Parallel Reluctances

    EPO460 March 2013 7


    NZA 2009
    Example 1
    A ferromagnetic core is shown in Fig. below. Three sides of this core
    are of uniform width, while the fourth side is somewhat thinner. The
    depth of the core (in to page) is 10cm, and the other dimensions are
    shown in the figure. There is a 200-turn coil wrapped around the left
    side of the core. Assuming relative permeability µr of 2500, how
    much flux will be produced by a 1A input current?

    EPO460 March 2013 8


    NZA 2009
    Solution:

    EPO460 March 2013 9


    Example 2
    Fig. shows a ferromagnetic core whose mean path length is 40cm. There is a
    small gap of 0.05cm in the structure of the otherwise whole core. The cross-
    sectional area of the core is 12cm2, the relative permeability of the core is 4000,
    and the coil of wire on the core has 400 turns. Assume that fringing (border) in the
    air gap increases the effective cross-sectional area of the air gap by 5 percent.
    Given this information, find:
    the total reluctance of the flux path (iron plus air gap) and
    the current required to produce a flux density of 0.5T in the air gap

    EPO460 March 2013 10


    Solution:

    EPO460 March 2013 11


    Example 3
    Fig. 6 shows a simplified rotor and stator for a DC motor. The mean path length of the stator is
    50cm, and its cross-sectional area is 12 cm2. The mean path length of the rotor is 5cm, and its
    cross-sectional area also may be assumed to be 12cm2. Each air gap between the rotor and
    the stator is 0.05cm wide, and the cross-sectional area of each air gap (including fringing) is 14
    cm2. The iron of the core has a relative permeability of 2000, and there are 200 turns of wire in
    the core. If the current in the wire is adjusted to be 1 A, what will the resulting flux density in the
    air gaps be?

    A simplified diagram of a rotor


    and a stator of a motor

    EPO460 March 2013 12


    Ferromagnetic Materials:
    Exhibit very strong magnetic effects
    Have very large values of μr (typically 104)
    Examples are iron, nickel and cobalt

    Energy Losses in Ferromagnetic Core: (CORE LOSSES


    1. Hysteresis loss is an energy loss in ferromagnetic
    core during magnetizing and demagnetizing process
    where the energy is dissipated as heat
    2. Eddy current loss

    EPO460 March 2013 13


    Path bcdeb is called
    a hysteresis loop

    EPO460 March 2013 14


    EPO460 March 2013 15

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