Engineering Economics

Chapter 1 Foundations of Engineering Economics

 Description and Role in Decision Making
• Most decisions involve money, called capital or capital funds , which is usually
limited in amount. The decision of where and how to invest this limited capital is
motivated by a primary goal of adding value as future, anticipated results of the
selected alternative are realized
• Factors for decision are a combination of economic and noneconomic elements.
Engineering economy deals with the economic factors
• Engineering economy involves formulating, estimating, and evaluating the
expected economic outcomes of alternatives designed to accomplish a defined
purpose
• Engineering economy isalso called engineering economic analysis, capital
allocation study and economic analysis
 Description and Role in Decision Making
• Engineering economy involves :
• Cash flows
• Times of occurrence of cash flows
• Interest rates for time value of money
• Measure of economic worth for selecting an alternative
• Sensitivity analysis is utilized to determine how a decision might change
according to varying estimates
• See example 1.1 text book page 4
Description and Role in Decision Making
Description and Role in Decision Making
Performing an Engineering Economy Study
 Performing an Engineering Economy Study
• Problem Description and Objective Statement : Assume the problem is that a coal-
fueled power plant must be shut down by 2015 due to the production of excessive
sulfur dioxide. The objectives may be to generate the forecasted electricity and needed
for 2015 and beyond, plus to not exceed all the projected emission allowances in these
future years.
• Alternatives These are stand-alone descriptions of viable solutions to problems that can
meet the objectives. Words, pictures, graphs, equipment and service descriptions,
simulations
• Cash Flows All cash flows are estimated for each alternative. Since these are future
expenditures and revenues, the results of step 3 usually prove to be inaccurate when an
alternative is actually in place and operating
• Engineering Economy Analysis The techniques and computations like cash flow
estimates, time value of money, and a selected measure of worth. The result of the
analysis will be one or more numerical values such as money, an interest rate, number
of years, or a probability. In the end, a selected measure of worth will be used to select
the best alternative. In economic analysis, financial units (dollars or other currency) are
generally used as the tangible basis for evaluation
 Performing an Engineering Economy Study
• Selection of the Best Alternative The measure of worth is a primary basis for
selecting the best economic alternative. if alternative A has a rate of return (ROR)
of 15.2% per year and alternative B will result in an ROR of 16.9% per year, B is
better economically. There are many possible noneconomic factors; some typical
ones are
• Market pressures, such as need for an increased international presence
• Availability of resources, e.g., skilled labor force, water, power, tax incentives
• Government laws that dictate safety, environmental, legal, or other aspects
• Corporate management’s or the board of director’s interest in alternative
• Goodwill offered by an alternative toward employees, union, county, etc
the do-nothing (DN) alternative may be chosen provided the measure of worth
and other factors result in the alternative being a poor choice.
 Professional Ethics and Economic Decisions
• Morals usually relate to the underlying tenets that form the character and conduct
of a person in judging right and wrong
• Ethical practices can be evaluated by using a code of morals or code of ethics that
forms the standards to guide decisions and actions of individuals and organizations
in a profession
• Universal or common morals These are fundamental moral beliefs held by
virtually all people. Most people agree that to steal, murder, lie, or physically harm
someone is wrong.
• Individual or personal morals These are the moral beliefs that a person has and
maintains over time. These usually parallel the common morals in that stealing,
lying, murdering, etc. are immoral acts
• Professional or engineering ethics: The code states the commonly accepted
standards of honesty and integrity that each individual is expected to demonstrate
in her or his practice. the Code of Ethics for Engineers published by the National
Society of Professional Engineers (NSPE)
 Professional Ethics and Economic Decisions
In the design stage:
• Safety factors are compromised to ensure that a price bid comes in
as low as possible.
• Family or personal connections with individuals in a company offer
unfair or insider information that allows costs to be cut in strategic
areas of a project.
• A potential vendor offers specifications for company-specific
equipment, and the design engineer does not have sufficient time
to determine if this equipment will meet the needs of the project
being designed and costed
 Professional Ethics and Economic Decisions
While the system is operating:
• Delayed or below-standard maintenance can be performed to save
money.
• Opportunities to purchase cheaper repair parts can save money
for a subcontractor working on a fixed-price contract.
• Safety margins are compromised because of cost, personal
inconvenience to workers, tight time schedules, etc.
 Interest Rate and Rate of Return
• Interest is the manifestation of the time value of money. Computationally,
interest is the difference between an ending amount of money and the
beginning amount. If the difference is zero or negative, there is no interest
• Interest is paid when a person or organization borrowed money (obtained a
loan) and repays a larger amount over time.
• Interest is earned when a person or organization saved, invested, or lent
money and obtains a return of a larger amount over time
Interest Rate and Rate of Return
Interest Rate and Rate of Return
Interest Rate and Rate of Return
Interest Rate and Rate of Return
Interest Rate and Rate of Return
Interest Rate and Rate of Return (Example 1.5)
Terminology and Symbols
Terminology and Symbols
Terminology and Symbols
Terminology and Symbols
Terminology and Symbols
Cash Flows: Estimation and Diagramming
Cash Flows: Estimation and Diagramming
Cash Flows: Estimation and Diagramming
Cash Flows: Estimation and Diagramming
Cash Flows: Estimation and Diagramming
Cash Flows: Estimation and Diagramming
Cash Flows: Estimation and Diagramming
Cash Flows: Estimation and Diagramming
Cash Flows: Estimation and Diagramming
Cash Flows: Estimation and Diagramming
 Economic Equivalence
• Economic equivalence is a combination of interest rate and time value of
money to determine the different amounts of money at different points in
time that are equal in economic value.
• As an illustration, if the interest rate is 6% per year, $100 today (present
time) is equivalent to $106 one year from today.
• Amount accrued =100 + 100(0.06) = 100(1 + 0.06) = $106
• If someone offered you a gift of $100 today or $106 one year from today, it
would make no difference which offer you accepted from an economic
perspective.
• In addition to future equivalence, we can apply the same logic to determine
equivalence for previous years. A total of $100 now is equivalent to
$100/1.06 = $94.34 one year ago at an interest rate of 6% per year
Economic Equivalence
Economic Equivalence
Simple and Compound Interest
Simple and Compound Interest
Compound Interest
Simple and Compound Interest
Compound Interest
 Minimum Attractive Rate of Return (MARR)
• Engineering alternatives are evaluated upon the prognosis that a reasonable ROR
can be expected. Therefore, some reasonable rate must be established for the
selection criteria (step 4) of the engineering economy study

• The MARR is established by (financial) managers and is used as a criterion against

which an alternative’s ROR is measured, when making the accept/reject
investment decision
• the size of MARR is fundamentally connected to how much it costs to obtain the
needed capital funds. It always costs money in the form of interest to raise
capital.
• Interest, expressed as a percentage rate per year, is called the cost of capital
Minimum Attractive
Rate of Return (MARR)
 Cost of capital
• As an example on a personal level, if you want to purchase a new
widescreen HDTV, but do not have sufficient money (capital),
• you could obtain a bank loan for, say, a cost of capital of 9% per year and pay
for the TV in cash now.
• Alternatively, you use credit card and pay off the balance on a monthly basis.
This approach will probably cost you at least 15% per year.
• Or, use funds from your savings account that earns 5% per year and pay cash.
This approach means that you also forgo future returns from these funds.
• The 9%, 15%, and 5% rates are your cost of capital estimates to raise
the capital for the system by different methods of capital financing.
• In analogous ways, corporations estimate the cost of capital from
different sources to raise funds for engineering projects and other
types of projects
 Financing Methods
• Equity financing The corporation uses its own funds from cash
on hand, stock sales, or retained earnings. Individuals can use
their own cash, savings, or investments.
• Debt financing :The corporation borrows from outside sources
and repays the principal and interest according to some
schedule. Sources of debt capital may be bonds, loans,
mortgages, venture capital pools, and many others.
Individuals, too, can utilize debt sources, such as the credit
card (15% rate) and bank options (9% rate)
 Opportunity cost
• It is the rate of return of a forgone opportunity caused by the
inability to pursue a project.
• Numerically, it is the largest rate of return of all the projects
not accepted (forgone) due to the lack of capital funds or
other resources.
• When no specific MARR is established, the de facto MARR is
the opportunity cost, i.e., the ROR of the first project not
undertaken due to unavailability of capital funds
Introduction to Spreadsheet Use
• A total of seven Excel functions can perform most of the fundamental
engineering economy calculations
Chapter Summary
Chapter Summary
The END