Periodic Properties of The Elements: Lecture Presentation

Lecture Presentation
Chapter 7
Periodic Properties
of the Elements
James F. Kirby
Quinnipiac University
Hamden, CT
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Development of the Periodic Table
Dmitri
Mendeleev and
Lothar Meyer
independently
came to the
same conclusion
about how
elements should
be grouped.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
© 2015 Pearson Education
Effective Nuclear Charge
• Many properties depend
on attractions between
valence electrons and
the nucleus.
• Electrons are both
attracted to the nucleus
and repelled by other
electrons.
• The forces an electron
experiences depend on
both factors.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Valence Electrons
• The electrons the occupy the highest
energy level of an atom.
• Valence electrons play a key role in the

chemical properties of an element.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Organisation of the periodic table
• The vertical columns of the table are called
groups or families. Element in the same group
have similar but not identical characteristics
• Numbered from 1 to 18.
• Elements in the same
group have the same
number of outer shell
electrons, and hence similar chemical properties.
Periodic
Properties
of the
http://www.src.gov.jm/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Chapter-3-Periodic-Table.ppt
Elements
Organisation of the periodic table
• The horizontal rows of the table are

called periods.
• Numbered from 1 to 7.
• Each contains elements
with electrons in the same
outer shell.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
IMPORTANT
• All elements in the same Group of the

Periodic Table have the same outer
shell electron configuration.
• All elements in the same Period of the
Periodic Table have outer shell
electrons filling the same shell.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Types of elements
• There are three main types of elements: metals, non
metals and metalloids
• 1. Metals appear on the left hand side of the zig zag
line that separates the periodic table
• 2. Non metals appear on the right hand side of the zig
zag line that separates the periodic table
• 3. Elements on either side of the zigzag line have
properties of both metals and non-metals. These
elements are called metalloids.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Periodic Table
• x
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Metals
• Most elements are metals. 88 elements to the left of the
stairstep line are metals or metal like elements.
• Left side of the periodic table
• Positive valencies
Physical Properties of Metals:
• Luster (shininess)
• Good conductors of heat and electricity
• High density (heavy for their size)
• High melting point
• Ductile (most metals can be drawn out into thin wires)
• Malleable (most metals can be hammered into thin sheets)
Chemical Properties of Metals:
• Easily lose electrons
Periodic
• Corrode easily. Corrosion is a gradual wearing away. Properties
(Example: silver tarnishing and iron rusting) of the
Elements
Non-metals
• Nonmetals are found to the right of the stairstep line. Their
characteristics are opposite those of metals.
Physical Properties of Nonmetals:
• No luster (dull appearance)
• Poor conductor of heat and electricity
• Brittle (breaks easily)
• Not ductile
• Not malleable
• Low density
• Low melting point
Chemical Properties of Nonmetals:
• Tend to gain electrons
• Since metals tend to lose electrons and nonmetals tend to gain
electrons, metals and nonmetals like to form compounds with each
other. These compounds are called ionic compounds. When two or
more nonmetals bond with each other, they form a covalent compound.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Metals Differ from Nonmetals
• Metals tend to form cations.
• Nonmetals tend to form anions.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Metalloids
• Metalloids have some characteristics of metals
and some of nonmetals.
• Several metalloids are electrical semiconductors
(computer chips).
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Hydrogen
• Hydrogen is in a class of its own.

• It’s a gas at room temperature.
• It has one proton and one electron in its
one and only energy level.
• Hydrogen only needs 2 electrons to fill
up its valence shell.
Periodic
Properties
of the
http://education.jlab.org/jsat/powerpoint/periodic_table.ppt. Elements
Group Trends
• Elements in a group have similar properties.
• Trends also exist within groups.
• Groups Compared:
 Group 1A: The Alkali Metals
 Group 2A: The Alkaline Earth Metals
 Group 6A: The Oxygen Group
 Group 7A: The Halogens
 Group 8A: The Noble Gases
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Group 1A: The Alkali Metals
• Alkali metals are soft,
metallic solids.
• They are found only in
compounds in nature,
not in their elemental
forms.
• Typical metallic
properties (luster,
conductivity) are seen
in them.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Alkali Metal Properties
• They have low densities and melting points.
• They also have low ionization energies.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Alkali Metal Chemistry
Their reactions with water are famously exothermic.

Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Flame Tests
• Qualitative tests for alkali metals include
their characteristic colors in flames.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Group 2A: Alkaline Earth Metals
• Beryllium does not
react with water, and
magnesium reacts only
with steam, but the
other alkaline earth
metals react readily
with water.
• Reactivity tends to
increase as you go
down the group.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Alkaline Earth Metals—Compare to
Alkali Metals
• Alkaline earth metals have higher densities

and melting points than alkali metals.
• Their ionization energies are low, but not as
Periodic
low as those of alkali metals. Properties
of the
Elements
Group 6A—Increasing in Metallic
Character down the Group
• Oxygen, sulfur, and selenium are nonmetals.

• Tellurium is a metalloid.
• The radioactive polonium is a metal. Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Group 7A—Halogens
• The halogens are typical nonmetals.

• They exist as anions in nature.
• They react directly with metals to form metal
halides. Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Group 8A—Noble Gases
• They are relatively unreactive.

• They are found as monatomic gases.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
SOME IMPORTANT CONCEPTS
• Core Charge: The attraction that an outer shell electron feels

towards the nucleus
• Atomic Size: Diameter of an atom
• Ionisation Energy: Minimum amount of energy required to
remove the highest energy electron from an atom (energy to
steal an electron).
• Electronegativity: Measure of the ability of an atom to attract
an electron towards itself. (love of electrons)
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Core Charge
What is it?
• The attraction that an outer shell
electron feels towards the nucleus.
What happens down a group?
• Constant
• In the Alkaline metals there is always one electron in the
outer shell.
What happens across a period?
• Increases; there are more electrons in the outer shell which
are greatly attracted to the nucleus.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Atomic Size or Radius
What is it?
• Diameter of atom
What happens down a group?
• Increases
• since there is an increase in the number of shells.
What happens across a period?
• Decreases
• since there is an increase in core charge, the outer
shell electrons are attracted closer to the nucleus
(it’s the same shell but there are more electrons in
Periodic
the shell as you move across the period) Properties
of the
Elements
Atomic radius decreases across a period
• x
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
Atomic
radius
increases
down a
group
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
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Trends in Ionisation energy
• The ionization energy is the amount of energy it
takes to detach one electron from a neutral atom
• Or How much energy it takes to steal an electron!!
• If its easy to steal a electron it has low ionisation
energy
• If its hard to steal an electron it has a high ionisation
energy
• The smaller the atom the harder to steal an electron
• The larger the atom the easier it is to steal an electron
Periodic
Properties

e of the
Elements
ee e e e e e
Ionisation Energy
e
• What is it?
• Amount of energy required to
remove the highest energy electron
from an atom. (or steal one electron)
• What happens down a group?
• Decreases; since the size of the atom is
increasing, the attraction is weaker between the
outer shell electrons and the nucleus. Therefore
electrons are easier to remove.
• What happens across a period?
• Increases; since there is an increase in core
charge, the attraction is greater between the outer
shell electrons and the nucleus. Therefore Periodic
Properties
electrons are harder to remove. of the
Elements
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
• As the period begins it does not take a lot
of energy to remove an electron from Li
but as you go across the period it takes
more and more energy to take an electron
away
Periodic
Properties
of the
Elements
© 2015 Pearson Education http://www.src.gov.jm/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Chapter-3-Periodic-Table.ppt
Boron Family
• The Boron Family is named

after the first element in the
family.
• Atoms in this family have 3
valence electrons.
• This family includes a
metalloid (boron), and the
rest are metals.
• This family includes the
most abundant metal in the
earth’s crust (aluminum). Periodic
Properties
of the
Carbon Family
• Atoms of this family have 4

valence electrons.
• This family includes a non-
metal (carbon), metalloids, and
metals.
• The element carbon is called
the “basis of life.” There is an
entire branch of chemistry
devoted to carbon compounds
called organic chemistry.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Nitrogen Family
• The nitrogen family is named

after the element that makes
up 78% of our atmosphere.
• This family includes non-
metals, metalloids, and metals.
• Atoms in the nitrogen family
have 5 valence electrons. They
tend to share electrons when
they bond.
• Other elements in this family
are phosphorus, arsenic,
antimony, and bismuth. Periodic
Properties
of the
Oxygen Family
• Atoms of this family have 6

valence electrons.
• Most elements in this family
share electrons when
forming compounds.
• Oxygen is the most
abundant element in the
earth’s crust. It is extremely
active and combines with
almost all elements.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Halogen Family
• The elements in this family are

fluorine, chlorine, bromine,
iodine, and astatine.
• Halogens have 7 valence
electrons, which explains why
they are the most active non-
metals. They are never found
free in nature.
Halogen atoms only need to
gain 1 electron to fill their
outermost energy level.
They react with alkali metals
Periodic
to form salts. Properties
of the
Noble Gases
• Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive.

• One important property of the noble gases is their inactivity. They are inactive
because their outermost energy level is full.
• Because they do not readily combine with other elements to form compounds,
the noble gases are called inert.
• The family of noble gases includes helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and
radon.
• All the noble gases are found in small amounts in the earth's atmosphere.
Periodic
Properties
of the
Rare Earth Elements
• The thirty rare earth

elements are composed
of the lanthanide and
actinide series.
• One element of the
lanthanide series and
most of the elements in
the actinide series are
called trans-uranium,
which means synthetic or
man-made.
Periodic
Properties
of the

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Lecture Presentation

• Valence electrons play a key role in the

• The horizontal rows of the table are

• All elements in the same Group of the

• Hydrogen is in a class of its own.

Their reactions with water are famously exothermic.

• Alkaline earth metals have higher densities

• Oxygen, sulfur, and selenium are nonmetals.

• The halogens are typical nonmetals.

• They are relatively unreactive.

• Core Charge: The attraction that an outer shell electron feels

© 2015 Pearson Education

• The Boron Family is named

• Atoms of this family have 4

• The nitrogen family is named

• Atoms of this family have 6

• The elements in this family are

• Noble Gases are colorless gases that are extremely un-reactive.

• The thirty rare earth

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