Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 12 views

    Chemical Signals in Animals

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Aziz
    The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system. It describes how hormones are chemical signals secreted by endocrine cells and glands. It explains the target cells that respond to specific hormones help maintain homeostasis, growth, reproduction and other processes. Examples are given of hormones like insulin, glucagon, estrogen and testosterone that regulate processes like blood sugar levels and sexual development. Common endocrine disorders are also briefly outlined such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and issues of the adrenal glands.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chemical Signals in Animals

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Aziz
    12 views60 pages
    The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system. It describes how hormones are chemical signals secreted by endocrine cells and glands. It explains the target cells that respond to specific hormones help maintain homeostasis, growth, reproduction and other processes. Examples are given of hormones like insulin, glucagon, estrogen and testosterone that regulate processes like blood sugar levels and sexual development. Common endocrine disorders are also briefly outlined such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and issues of the adrenal glands.

    Original Description:

    endokrin

    Original Title

    Ch 45 Endocrine

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system. It describes how hormones are chemical signals secreted by endocrine cells and glands. It explains the target cells that respond to specific hormones help maintain homeostasis, growth, reproduction and other processes. Examples are given of hormones like insulin, glucagon, estrogen and testosterone that regulate processes like blood sugar levels and sexual development. Common endocrine disorders are also briefly outlined such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and issues of the adrenal glands.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    12 views60 pages

    Chemical Signals in Animals

    Uploaded by

    Abdul Aziz
    The document summarizes key aspects of the endocrine system. It describes how hormones are chemical signals secreted by endocrine cells and glands. It explains the target cells that respond to specific hormones help maintain homeostasis, growth, reproduction and other processes. Examples are given of hormones like insulin, glucagon, estrogen and testosterone that regulate processes like blood sugar levels and sexual development. Common endocrine disorders are also briefly outlined such as diabetes, thyroid disorders, and issues of the adrenal glands.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 60

    Chapter 45

    Chemical Signals in Animals


    • Hormones are chemical signals.
     The endocrine system consists of:
     Endocrine cells which are hormone-secreting
    cells and
     Endocrine glands which are hormone-
    secreting organs.
    • Specific target cells respond to specific
    hormones.
    • Homeostasis
    • Growth and Development
    • Reproduction
    • Energy Metabolism
    • Behavior
    blood glucose low
    stimulates

    glucose glucagon
    release from
    from liver stimulates pancreas

    blood glucose high inhibits


    response

    hormones
    endocrine receptor target
    cell protein cell
    response
    hormones
    endocrine intracellular target
    cell receptor cell
    Tropic hormones-
    stimulate the production
    and secretion of hormones
    by other endocrine glands;
    ex. TSH

    Nontropic hormones-
    stimulates cellular growth,
    metabolism, or other
    functions; ex. thyroxine
    Invertebrate nervous systems
    clearly illustrate endocrine and
    nervous system interactions
     Invertebrates have a wide variety of
    hormones that are involved in the regulation
    of homeostasis.
     An example from hydra:
     One hormone stimulate asexual
    reproduction.
     Another hormone prevents sexual
    reproduction.
     An example from a mollusk:
     The hormone that regulates egg laying
    also inhibits feeding and locomotion.
     Arthropods have extensive endocrine
    systems regulating molting in insects
    and crustaceans.
     The regulation of molting in insects.
     Ecdysone also promotes the development
    of adult features.
     Neurosecretory cells in the brain produce
    Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH),
    which regulates the secretion of ecdysone.
    • Juvenile hormone (JH) promotes the
    retention of larval characteristics.
    • Different signal-transduction pathways in
    different cells can lead to different
    responses to the same signal.
    Frog Metamorphosis

    thyroxin
    Fig. 45-10
    Major endocrine glands:
    Hypothalamus
    Pineal gland
    Pituitary gland
    Organs containing
    Thyroid gland endocrine cells:
    Parathyroid glands Thymus
    Heart

    Liver
    Adrenal
    glands Stomach

    Testes Pancreas Kidney


    Kidney Small
    intestine
    Ovaries
    pineal gland
    hypothalamus

    pituitary gland
    Produces melatonin (synthesized
    from seratonin, a derivative of
    tryptophan)
    • Secreted directly in CSF to blood
    • High levels at night make us sleepy; low level during
    day
    • Pineal gland is stimulated by darkness and inhibited
    by light

    • Function in regulating circadian rhythms (sleep, body


    temp, appetite)  biological clock
    hypothalamus

    anterior pituitary
    posterior pituitary
    Hypothalamus

    Posterior Anterior Pituitary


    Pituitary
    Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
    Oxytocin (+ feedback)
    Hypothalamus

    Posterior Anterior Pituitary


    Pituitary
    • Growth Hormone (GH)
    - Dwarfism
    - Gigantism & Acromegaly
    • Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)
    • Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
    • Gonadotropins (FSH, ICSH, LH)
    • Prolactin (PRL)
    • Melanocyte-stimulating Hormone (MSH)
    • Acts on the liver, stimulating it to
    release several polypeptide
    hormones.
    • Stimulates amino acid uptake and
    protein synthesis in target cells.
    • Ultimately stimulates cell growth
    (cell size and number), especially in
    muscle and bone.
    • Also stimulates fat breakdown.
    GH
    Levels
    awake sleep

    strenuous
    exercise
    Dwarfism
    hyposecretion of GH

    Little People Big World


    Kenadie - worlds
    smallest girl due to
    primordial dwarfism
    Gigantism
    hypersecretion of GH

    Bao Xishun, a 7ft 8.95in herdsman


    from Inner Mongolia
    Acromegaly
    hypersecretion of GH

    7 ft 1 ¼ inches
    Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
    (TSH)

    • Acts on the thyroid gland,


    stimulating it to release T3 & T4
    • These thyroid hormones increase
    glucose catabolism and body heat
    production.
    • Negative feedback mechanism
    involved in regulating levels.
    Adrenocorticotropic Hormone
    (ACTH)
    • Acts on the adrenal cortex, stimulating it
    to secrete glucocorticoids (e.g., cortisol).
    • Glucocorticoids promote the synthesis of
    glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
    such as amino acids, and fatty acids
    • Negative feedback mechanism involved
    in regulating levels.
    larynx

    thyroid

    trachea
    Thyroid gland selectively uptakes
    iodine to produce T3 & T4
    • Thyroxine (T4)
    • Triiodothyronine (T3)
    Both control metabolic rate and cellular
    oxidation

    • Calcitonin (from parafolicular cells)-


    lowers blood CA ++ levels and causes
    CA++ reabsorption in bone
    Thyroid Hormone Regulation
    Thyroid Disorders

    - Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s,
    Goiter)
    - Hypothyroidism (Cretinism,
    Myxedima)
    Goiter
    Lack of iodine in diet
    hyposecretion of T3 & T4
    Cretinism

    hyposecretion
    of T3 & T4
    Myxedema
    hyposecretion of T3 & T4

    After thyroid
    myxedema treatment
    Exophthalmos-
    hyperthyroidism
    PTH release:
    1) stimulates osteoclasts
    2) enhances reabsorption of Ca++ by kidneys
    3) increases absorption of Ca++ by intestinal
    mucosal cells

    Hyperparathyroidism- too much Ca++ drawn out of


    bone; could be due to tumor

    Hypoparathyroidism- most often follow parathyroid


    gland trauma or after removal of thyroid--- tetany,
    muscle twitches, convulsions; if
    untreatedrespiratory paralysis and death
    • Regulates glucose uptake by cells
    • Controlled via negative feedback:
    insulin & glucagon
    • Blood sugar level: 90 mg/mL
    • Produced by the  cells of the Islets of
    Langerhan
    • Catalyze oxidation of glucose for ATP
    production
    • Lowers blood glucose levels by promoting
    transport of glucose into cells.
    • Stimulates glucose uptake by the liver and
    muscle cells.
    • Stimulates glycogen synthesis in the liver
    and muscle cells.
    • Also stimulates amino acid uptake and
    protein synthesis of muscle tissue
    • Produced by the  cells of the Islets of
    Langerhans
    • Stimulates change of glycogen to glucose
    in the liver.
    • Synthesis of glucose from lactic acid and
    non carbohydrate molecules such as fatty
    acids and amino acids
    • Causes  in blood glucose concentration

    hypoglycemic- low blood sugar; deficient in glucagon


    Type I Diabetes
    hyposecretion of insulin
    insulin dependant
    juvenile onset

    Type II Diabetes
    late onset (adult)
    insensitivity of cells to insulin
    manage by exercise & diet
    Adrenal Glands

    adrenal cortex

    adrenal medulla
    Hormones of the
    Adrenal Medulla

    • Adrenalin (epinephrine): converts


    glycogen to glucose in liver
    • Noradrenalin (norepinephrine): increases
    blood pressure
    (sympathetic nervous system)

    • Corticosteroids: glucose levels)


    Hormones of the
    Adrenal Cortex
    Glucocorticoids- cortisol
    1. Decrease protein synthesis
    2. Increase release and use of fatty acids
    3. Stimulates the liver to produce glucose from non carb’s
    Mineralcorticoids- aldosterone
    1. Stimulates cells in kidney to reabsorb Na+ from filtrate
    2. Increases water reabsorption in kidneys
    3. Increases blood pressure
    Sex Steroids- small amts (androgens)
    1. Onset of puberty
    2. Sex drive
    Cushing’s
    Syndrome
    Hypersecretion of
    cortisone; may be caused
    by an ACTH releasing
    tumor in pituitary

    Symptoms: trunkal obesity


    and moon face, emotional
    instability

    Treatment: removal of
    adrenal gland and hormone
    replacement
    Addison’s
    Disease
    Hyposecretion of
    glucocorticoids and mineral
    corticoids;

    Symptoms- wt loss, fatigue,


    dizziness, changes in mood and
    personality, low levels of plasma
    glucose and Na+ levels, high
    levels of K+

    Treatment- corticosteroid
    replacement therapy
    Thymus

    Located anterior to the heart


    Produces- thymopoetin and thymosin
    helps direct maturation and
    specialization of T-lymphocytes
    (immunity)
    Gonads
    Ovaries- produce estrogen and
    progesteroneresponsible for maturation of the
    reproductive organs and 2ndary sex characteristics
    in girls at puberty
    Female
    Reproductive
    System
    Gonads
    Testes- produce sperm and testosterone (initiates
    maturation of male repro organs and 2ndary sex
    characteristics in boys at puberty)
    Male Reproductive System

    You might also like