Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd
Upload
39 views

Sampling Powerpoint

This document discusses different sampling methods used in research. It begins by defining sampling as selecting a subset of observations from a larger population. The key points are: 1) Probability sampling methods like random, stratified, systematic, and cluster sampling aim to select a sample that is representative of the population by giving all members an equal chance of selection. 2) Non-probability sampling methods like convenience, purposive, snowball, and quota sampling do not use randomness in selection but rely on the judgment of the researcher. 3) An effective sample design considers the research objectives, is practical and cost-effective, and provides estimates that are truly representative and unbiased of the target population.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Furqan Aslam Awan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
39 views

Sampling Powerpoint

This document discusses different sampling methods used in research. It begins by defining sampling as selecting a subset of observations from a larger population. The key points are: 1) Probability sampling methods like random, stratified, systematic, and cluster sampling aim to select a sample that is representative of the population by giving all members an equal chance of selection. 2) Non-probability sampling methods like convenience, purposive, snowball, and quota sampling do not use randomness in selection but rely on the judgment of the researcher. 3) An effective sample design considers the research objectives, is practical and cost-effective, and provides estimates that are truly representative and unbiased of the target population.

Uploaded by

Muhammad Furqan Aslam Awan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 21

Sampling

MOAZZAM ALI
Sampling

• How we select from an infinite number of observations we could


possibly make
• Why do we sample?
– Size of the population
– Cost of obtaining elements
– Convenience and accessibility of elements

• Sampling is the process of obtaining information from a subset


(sample) of a larger group (population)
• The results for the sample are then used to make estimates of
the larger group

• From Chapter 7 in Babbie & Mouton (2001)


Characteristics of a Good Sample

Good sampling design should:

• Relate to the objectives of the investigation


• Be practical and achievable;
• Be cost – effective in terms of equipment and labour;
• Provide estimates of population parameters that are
truly representative and unbiased.
Ideally, representative samples should be:

• Taken at random so that every member of the


population of data has an equal chance of selection;
• Large enough to give sufficient precision;
• Unbiased by the sampling procedure or equipment.
Sampling Terminology

 Element

• The unit about which information is collected


• Typically the elements are people
• But look at the section on “unit of analysis” again: any of
them could be elements (schools, universities,
corporations, etc.)
Sampling Terminology

Population

• All the potential study elements, as defined


• Careful specification of the population

Sample Population

• Almost impossible to guarantee that every element


meeting your definition of “the population” has a chance
to be selected into the sample.
• Thus the “study population” will be somewhat smaller
than “the population”
Sampling Terminology

Sampling Unit

• Typically the sampling units are the same as the elements and
probably the units of analysis
• (We are not going to look into more complex sampling units)
Sampling Frame
• The actual list of sampling units (or elements).
• e.g. if you want to study “Students at the University of Cape
Town”, there is a list of such sampling units (but there are a
number of definition issues to be resolved here)
Sample
• A subset of a population selected to estimate the behaviour or
characteristics of the population.
Research design - sampling 6
Sampling Designs

Basically two sampling strategies available:

 Probability sampling
 Non-probability Sampling

7
Probability Sampling

 Each member of the population has a certain probability to be


selected into the sample
Types of Probability Sampling

 Random
 Stratified Random
 Systematic
 Cluster
Random Sampling

 Population members are selected directly from the


sampling frame
 Equal probability of selection for every member (sample
size/population size)
 400/10,000 = .04
 Use random number table or random number generator
Systematic Sampling

 Order all units in the sampling frame based on some


variable and number them from 1 to N
 Choose a random starting place from 1 to N and then
sample every k units after that
Stratified Sampling

 The chosen sample contains a number of distinct


categories which are organized into segments, or
strata
– equalizing "important" variables
• year in school, geographic area, product use, etc.
 Steps:
– Population is divided into mutually exclusive and
exhaustive strata based on an appropriate population
characteristic. (e.g. race, age, gender etc.)
– Simple random samples are then drawn from each
stratum.
Stratified Sampling
Stratified Sampling

 The sample size is usually proportional to the relative size


of the strata.
 Ensures that particular groups (e.g. males and females)
within a population are adequately represented in the
sample
 Has a smaller sampling error than simple random sample
since a source of variation is eliminated
Cluster Sampling

 The Population is divided into mutually exclusive and


exhaustive subgroups, or clusters, usually based on
geography or time period
 Each cluster should be representative of the population i.e.
be heterogeneous.
 Means between clusters should be the same (homogeneous)
 Then a sample of the clusters is selected.
 then some randomly chosen units in the selected clusters
are studied.
Cluster Sampling

 divide population into clusters (usually


along geographic boundaries)
 randomly sample clusters
 measure units within sampled clusters
Non-probability Sampling

Members selected not according to logic of probability (or


mathematical rules), but by other means (e.g.
convenience, or access)

Types of Non-Probability Sampling

 convenience sampling
 judgement sampling
 snowball sampling
 quota sampling
Convenience Sampling

 Convenience Sampling
A researcher's convenience forms the basis for selecting a
sample.
 people in my classes
 Mall intercepts
 People with some specific characteristic (e.g. bald)
Purposive Sampling

 Select the sample on the basis of knowledge of the


population: your own knowledge, or use expert judges to
identify candidates to select

 Typically used for very rare populations, such as deviant


cases.
Snowball Sampling

 Typically used in qualitative research


 When members of a population are difficult to
locate, for covert sub-populations, non-cooperative
groups
 Recruit one respondent, who identifies others, who
identify others,….
 Primarily used for exploratory purposes

Research design - sampling 19


Quota Sampling
• A stratified convenience sampling strategy
• Begins with a table that describes the characteristics of the
target population
– e.g. the composition of postgraduate students at UCT in terms of
faculty, race, and gender
• Then select on a convenience basis, postgraduate students
in the same proportions regarding faculty, race, and gender
than in the population
• Of course, the quota frame (the proportions in the table)
must be accurate
• And biases may be introduced when selecting elements to
study

Research design - sampling 20


Thank You

You might also like