Contribution of Stephen Hawking in Exploring The Universe

"Intelligence is the ability to adapt to change.
"
 Stephen Hawking is a world-renowned British
theoretical physicist, known for his contributions to
the fields of cosmology, general relativity and quantum
gravity, especially in the context of black holes.
 In the 1960s and 1970s, he worked on ground-

breaking theorems regarding singularities within the
framework of general relativity, and made the
theoretical prediction that black holes
should emit radiation (known today
as Hawking radiation).
 In 2006, with Thomas Hertog at CERN in
Switzerland, Stephen Hawking proposed that the
universe has no unique initial state, and that working
outward to predict the current configuration of the
universe from one particular state, such as in the Big
Bang theory, contains a fallacy.
 Rather, Hawking's "top-down" cosmology says

that in some ways, the present selects the
past from a simultaneous superimposition of
all the possible pasts.
In the 1970s, by applying quantum theory to Black Holes,
Hawking proved that they were not completely black at
all, but in fact radiate energy over time, emitting a faint
glow.
He also discovered that black holes would eventually leak

radiation, and disappear, which opposed the idea that
they absorbed everything and would continuously grow
larger.
The discovery that a black hole could radiate particles

was a turning point in modern physics—leading to a
stream of fresh findings and research based around this
 The “theory of everything,” is an idea in the
scientific community that there is a single, all-
encompassing theory that can describe the physical
world.
 Although the scientific community has yet to come
up with the theory, Hawking came up with
a formula that unified quantum mechanics and
classical physics.
 The groundbreaking aspect of this
formula was combining both
classical and quantum mechanics
with classical physics to describe
the motion of tiny particles that
make up large bodies.
The Penrose-Hawking Theoram
 The Penrose-Hawking singularity
theorems characterize spacetimes in the theory
of Einstein-gravity (general relativity) which have
“singularities”, points where the Riemann
curvature is undefined (or would be undefined if
these points were included in the
spacetime manifold) such as appears notably
in black hole spacetimes.
 Hellman suggest this theorem as an example of
noncomputable physics.
Hawking had some important work in explaining
how galaxies and clusters of galaxies took shape
from early homogeneous gaseous universe (that
eventually made 'life' possible in the universe).
The explanation
Is based on some
Tiny fluctuations
Or imperfections
In the extremely
homogeneous
early universe.
Hawking and Hertog’s latest study deals specifically with
a subset of Big Bang theory, called eternal inflation.
Most modern Big Bang theories incorporate the idea of
an inflation, which calls for an exponential expansion of
space in the universe’s first fraction of a second.
Eternal inflation suggests that some pockets of space
keep expanding exponentially forever, while some (like the
one we inhabit) don’t.
If this theory is an accurate description of the cosmos,
then we live in a multiverse consisting of many isolated
bubble universes.
Probability of Extraterrestrial Life
He said, without qualification, that the balance of
probability lies strongly in favor of the existence of
extraterrestrial life.
He postulated that the earth has already been visited
by extraterrestrial life in the form of viruses, and that
he enjoyed imagining what more developed life forms
could look like in galaxies far away.
However, he seriously doubted that there are humanoid
life forms in other galaxies. Hawking said that it would
be highly unlikely that life-supporting planets
elsewhere would mirror lifeforms on Earth to such an
extent.
Last words
However it's ultimately received, the manuscript is
a reminder that Hawking was a deep thinker
committed to tackling some of the universe's
biggest mysteries.
Hawking’s discoveries will remain relevant in the

years to come, and his legacy will continue to
inspire further pursuit of understanding the
mysteries of the universe.
The world will forever be indebted to Stephen

Hawking’s brilliant mind and he will be missed a
great deal, by his colleagues and the general
public alike.
Project by- Nakshatra & Arhant

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"Intelligence is the ability to adapt to change.

 In the 1960s and 1970s, he worked on ground-

 Rather, Hawking's "top-down" cosmology says

He also discovered that black holes would eventually leak

The discovery that a black hole could radiate particles

Hawking’s discoveries will remain relevant in the

The world will forever be indebted to Stephen

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