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Coherence and Cohesion

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COHERENCE

AND COHESION
Subtitle
OBJECTIVE

Identify the meaning of coherence


and cohesion

Describe a good paragraph;

Use transitional devices in


developing a good paragraph;
Read and identify the meaning of the text

 I couldn't seem to find the right room


 none of them had the number
 designated on my pass.
 First, I went at the Department of Verification,
 then the Department of Misinformation,
 then some clerk from the Pressure Section advised me to try
level eight,
 but on level eight they ignored me.
ORIGINAL TEXT MARK UP

• I couldn't seem to find the right room *I couldn't seem to find the right room [the topic
• none of them had the number sentence: all other sentences in this paragraph
• designated on my pass. support this idea of confusion and disorientation] —
• First, I went at the Department of none of *them [pronoun referring to "room"] had the
Verification, number designated on my pass *First [enumeration], *I
• then the Department of Misinformation, [pronoun] went up at the Department of Verification,
• then some clerk from the Pressure *then [enumeration & transition of addition] the
Section advised me to try level eight, Department of Misinformation, *then [enumeration &
• but on level eight they ignored me. transition of addition] some clerk from the Pressure
Section advised me to try level eight, *but [transition of
contrast] on level eight they ignored me.
Coherence

Refers to the rhetorical aspects of your


writing, which include developing and supporting
your argument, synthesizing and integrating
readings, organizing and clarifying ideas.

The term coherence means the overall


understandability of what you write or say.
Cohesion

Is focused on the grammatical aspect of


writing.

It refers to the degree to which sentences


are connected so that the flow of ideas is
easy to follow.
Differences of coherence and cohesion

COHERENCE COHESION
Involves Involves
a.Introductory paragraph a. Cohesive devices (Transitional
b.Logical order of ideas Devices)
c.Separate major points by * addition
paragraph * comparison
d.Topic sentence for each * concession
paragraphs * contrast
e.Followed by supporting * emphasis
sentences * example or illustration
* summary
* time sequence
Read the paragraph below

The ancient Egyptians were masters of preserving dead people's bodies


by making mummies of them. Mummies several thousand years old have
been discovered nearly intact. The skin, hair, teeth, fingernails and toenails,
and facial features of the mummies were evident. It is possible to diagnose
the disease they suffered in life, such as smallpox, arthritis, and nutritional
deficiencies. The process was remarkably effective. Sometimes apparent were
the fatal afflictions of the dead people: a middle-aged king died from a blow on
the head, and polio killed a child king. Mummification consisted of removing the
internal organs, applying natural preservatives inside and out, and then
wrapping the body in layers of bandages.
 What is the topic sentence?
 Are the sentences that follow clearly related to the topic
sentence?
 Is the entire paragraph unified?
 Does it contain irrelevant details?
Read the paragraph below

The ancient Egyptians were masters of preserving dead people's


bodies by making mummies of them. In short, mummification consisted
of removing the internal organs, applying natural preservatives inside and
out, and then wrapping the body in layers of bandages. And the process
was remarkably effective. Indeed, mummies several thousand years old
have been discovered nearly intact. Their skin, hair, teeth, fingernails and
toenails, and facial features are still evident. Their diseases in life, such
as smallpox, arthritis, and nutritional deficiencies, are still diagnosable.
Even their fatal afflictions are still apparent: a middle-aged king died from
a blow on the head; a child king died from polio.
Transitional Expressions
Addition again, and, and then, besides, equally important, finally, first, further,
furthermore, in addition, in the first place, last, moreover, next, second, still, too

Comparison also, in the same way, likewise, similarly

Concession granted, naturally, of course


Contrast although, and yet, at the same time, but at the same time, despite that, even so,
even though, for all that, however, in contrast, in spite of, instead, nevertheless,
notwithstanding, on the contrary, on the other hand, otherwise, regardless, still,
though, yet.
Emphasis Certainly, indeed, in fact, of course
Example or Namely, specifically, for example, for instance, thus
Illustration
Summary all in all, altogether, as has been said, finally, in brief, in conclusion, in other words, in particular,
in short, in simpler terms, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to put it differently, to
summarize
Time Sequence after a while, afterward, again, also, and then, as long as, at last, at length, at that time, before,
besides, earlier, eventually, finally, formerly, further, furthermore, in addition, in the first place, in
the past, last, lately, meanwhile, moreover, next, now, presently, second, shortly,
simultaneously, since, so far, soon, still, subsequently, then, thereafter, too, until, until now,
when
Use appropriate transitional expression to improve the
text

The Human Resources department is


developing a plan to increase employee
retention. Three employees resigned from the
accounting department last month. We had to
hire temporary staff to fill the position until new
staff could be hired. Many important
accounting tasks went unfinished. Employee
retention has become a top priority for Human
Resources

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