OSPF is a dynamic routing protocol that is commonly used within autonomous systems. The document provides an overview of basic routing concepts such as static and dynamic routing, routing protocols, and autonomous systems. It then discusses OSPF routing in more detail, explaining how OSPF uses algorithms to automatically adapt to network topology changes and maintain routing tables. Static routes are also covered, including how to configure basic static routes and default static routes to provide a backup in the event of failures.
OSPF is a dynamic routing protocol that is commonly used within autonomous systems. The document provides an overview of basic routing concepts such as static and dynamic routing, routing protocols, and autonomous systems. It then discusses OSPF routing in more detail, explaining how OSPF uses algorithms to automatically adapt to network topology changes and maintain routing tables. Static routes are also covered, including how to configure basic static routes and default static routes to provide a backup in the event of failures.
OSPF is a dynamic routing protocol that is commonly used within autonomous systems. The document provides an overview of basic routing concepts such as static and dynamic routing, routing protocols, and autonomous systems. It then discusses OSPF routing in more detail, explaining how OSPF uses algorithms to automatically adapt to network topology changes and maintain routing tables. Static routes are also covered, including how to configure basic static routes and default static routes to provide a backup in the event of failures.
OSPF is a dynamic routing protocol that is commonly used within autonomous systems. The document provides an overview of basic routing concepts such as static and dynamic routing, routing protocols, and autonomous systems. It then discusses OSPF routing in more detail, explaining how OSPF uses algorithms to automatically adapt to network topology changes and maintain routing tables. Static routes are also covered, including how to configure basic static routes and default static routes to provide a backup in the event of failures.
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BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF IP ROUTING
CURSO HUAWEI: ROUTING & SWITCHING
ROUTING PROTOCOLS
Basic Knowledge
Static Routing
OSPF Routing AUTONOMOUS SYSTEMS
An IP network, or networks, controlled by one or more operators
with a clear policy that governs how routing decisions are made. BASIC DEFINITIONS Routing As a basic concept on data communication networks, routing is the process of packet relaying or forwarding, and the process provides route information for packet forwarding. Routing Protocols Routing protocols are rules used by routers to discover routes, add routes, and maintain routing tables for packet forwarding. Routers As a standard network connection device, a router is used to select routes and forward packets. Based on the destination address in the received packet, a router selects a path to send the packet to the next router. The last router is responsible for sending the packet to the Static and Dynamic Routes Static routes can be easily configured and have low requirements on the system. They apply to simple, stable, and small-scale networks. However, they cannot automatically adapt to network topology changes. Therefore, static routes require subsequent maintenance. Dynamic routing protocols have their routing algorithms and can automatically adapt to network topology changes. They apply to the network equipped with a number of Layer 3 devices. Dynamic route configurations are complex. Dynamic routes have higher requirements on a system than static ones do and consume network resources. DYNAMIC ROUTING Dynamic routing protocols can be classified based on the following criteria. Based on the Application Scope Interior Gateway Protocol (IGP):. Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP): Based on the Routing Algorithm Distance-vector routing protocol: includes RIP and BGP. BGP is also called a path-vector protocol. Link-state routing protocol: includes OSPF and IS-IS. Based on the Destination Address Type Unicast routing protocol: includes RIP, OSPF, BGP, and IS-IS. Multicast routing protocol: includes Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM). Table 2-1 Routing protocols and default route priorities
ROUTE PRIORITY
Routing Route Priority
Protocol or Route Type Direct 0 OSPF 10 IS-IS 15 Static 60 RIP 100 OSPF ASE 150 OSPF NSSA 150 IBGP 255 EBGP 255 LOAD BALANCING AND ROUTE BACKUP
Load Balancing Per-packet load balancing With per-packet load balancing, the router forwards packets destined for the same destination through equal-cost routes, and each time the next hop address is different from the last one. Per-destination load balancing After per-destination load balancing is configured, the router forwards packets based on the quintuple (the source address, destination address, source port, destination port, and protocol in the packets). Route Backup The Routers supports route backup to improve network reliability. You can configure multiple routes to the same destination as required. The route with the highest priority functions as the primary route, and the other routes with lower priorities function as backup route LOCAL AREA NETWORK AND BROADCAST DOMAINS LAN 3
LAN 1 LAN 2
Broadcast Domain Broadcast Domain
ROUTING DECISIONS
? Destination
Routers are responsible for the decision making process that
determines the path via which packets are forwarded. ROUTING TABLE FORWARDING REQUIREMENTS Interface Next Hop Destination
RTA RTB RTC
20.1.1.1/30 20.1.1.2/30 10.1.1.0/30 E0/0/0 E0/0/0
IP Packet
The forwarding of packets requires that the destination be known as
well as the forwarding interface and next-hop. Page 11 IP ROUTING TABLE [Huawei]display ip routing-table Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib ------------------------------------------------------------- Routing Tables: Public Destinations : 2 Routes : 2 Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface 127.0.0.0/8 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0 127.0.0.1/32 Direct 0 0 D 127.0.0.1 InLoopBack0
The IP routing table lists the networks that are reachable via the router. Packets that have no route are subsequently discarded. Page 12 IP Static Routes APPLICATION FOR STATIC ROUTE Static Route Gateway
Static routes define a means of path selection to other networks.
[RTB]display ip routing-table Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib -------------------------------------------------------------- Routing Tables: Public Destinations : 13 Routes : 14 Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface …… 192.168.1.0/24 Static 60 0 RD 10.0.12.1 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
Prior to the failure of the primary route, only the primary static route will be present within the routing table. Page 17 FLOATING STATIC ROUTE CHECK
[RTB]interface GigabitEthernet 0/0/0
[RTB-GigabitEthernet 0/0/0]shutdown [RTB]display ip routing-table Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib -------------------------------------------------------------- Routing Tables: Public Destinations : 13 Routes : 14 Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface …… 192.168.1.0/24 Static 100 0 RD 20.0.12.1 GigabitEthernet 0/0/1
In disabling the primary route, the floating static route is then added to the routing table. Page 18 DEFAULT STATIC ROUTES RTA RTB 192.168.1.0/24 G0/0/0 G0/0/0 .1 .2 192.168.2.0/24 10.0.12.0/24 192.168.3.0/24
[RTA]ip route-static 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 10.0.12.2
Default routes provide a form of last resort route in the event that no other longest match is found within the routing table. Page 19 DEFAULT STATIC ROUTE CHECK
[RTA]display ip routing-table Route Flags: R - relay, D - download to fib -------------------------------------------------------------- Routing Tables: Public Destinations : 13 Routes : 14 Destination/Mask Proto Pre Cost Flags NextHop Interface …… 0.0.0.0/0 Static 60 0 RD 10.0.12.2 GigabitEthernet0/0/0
Page 20 OSPF OPEN SHORTEST PATH FIRST（OSPF） RTA RTB Site B
OSPF RIP
Site A
RTC
OSPF Minimal Routing Traffic Rapid Convergence Site C
Scalable Accurate Route Metrics Page 22 OSPF CONVERGENCE BEHAVIOR RTA RTB LSDB LSA Flooding OSPF LSA of RTA
