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    CCD and Cmos Sensors

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    Vijay Ravi
    Image sensors consist of pixels that convert light into electrons. The electrons are converted to voltage and numbers using an A/D converter. There are two main types - CCD and CMOS. CCD sensors transfer charges through output nodes, have better light sensitivity but consume more power. CMOS sensors incorporate amplifiers and A/D converters directly on the chip, consuming less power but potentially introducing more noise. Both sensor types use color filters like Bayer arrays to capture color.

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    CCD and Cmos Sensors

    Uploaded by

    Vijay Ravi
    115 views16 pages
    Image sensors consist of pixels that convert light into electrons. The electrons are converted to voltage and numbers using an A/D converter. There are two main types - CCD and CMOS. CCD sensors transfer charges through output nodes, have better light sensitivity but consume more power. CMOS sensors incorporate amplifiers and A/D converters directly on the chip, consuming less power but potentially introducing more noise. Both sensor types use color filters like Bayer arrays to capture color.

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    Image sensors consist of pixels that convert light into electrons. The electrons are converted to voltage and numbers using an A/D converter. There are two main types - CCD and CMOS. CCD sensors transfer charges through output nodes, have better light sensitivity but consume more power. CMOS sensors incorporate amplifiers and A/D converters directly on the chip, consuming less power but potentially introducing more noise. Both sensor types use color filters like Bayer arrays to capture color.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    115 views16 pages

    CCD and Cmos Sensors

    Uploaded by

    Vijay Ravi
    Image sensors consist of pixels that convert light into electrons. The electrons are converted to voltage and numbers using an A/D converter. There are two main types - CCD and CMOS. CCD sensors transfer charges through output nodes, have better light sensitivity but consume more power. CMOS sensors incorporate amplifiers and A/D converters directly on the chip, consuming less power but potentially introducing more noise. Both sensor types use color filters like Bayer arrays to capture color.

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    IMAGE SENSORS

    Image Sensors
    • When an image is being captured by a network camera,
    light passes through the lens and falls on the image
    sensor.
    • The image sensor consists of picture elements, also
    called pixels, that register the amount of light that falls on
    them.
    • They convert the received amount of light into a
    corresponding number of electrons. The stronger the light,
    the more electrons are generated.
    • The electrons are converted into voltage and then
    transformed into numbers by means of an A/D-converter.
    The signal constituted by the numbers is processed by
    electronic circuits inside the camera.
    Types
    • CCD
    • Charge Coupled Device

    • CMOS
    • Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
    Color Filters
    • Image sensors register the amount of light from bright to
    dark with no color information. Since CMOS and CCD
    image sensors are ‘color blind’, a filter in front of the
    sensor allows the sensor to assign color tones to each
    pixel.
    • Two common color registration methods are RGB (Red,
    Green, and Blue) and CMYG (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow,
    and Green).
    • Red, green, and blue are the primary colors that, mixed in
    different combinations, can produce most of the colors
    visible to the human eye.
    Color Filters
    Color Filters
    Color Filters
    • The Bayer array, which has alternating rows of red-green
    and green-blue filters, is the most common RGB color
    filter.
    • Since the human eye is more sensitive to green than to
    the other two colors, the Bayer array has twice as many
    green color filters.
    • The CMYG system generally offers higher pixel signals
    due to its broader spectral band pass. However, the
    signals must then be converted to RGB since this is used
    in the final image, and the conversion implies more
    processing and added noise.
    • The result is that the initial gain in signal-to-noise is
    reduced, and the CMYG system is often not as good at
    presenting colors accurately.
    CCD
    • In a CCD sensor, the light (charge) that falls on the pixels
    of the sensor is transferred from the chip through one
    output node, or only a few output nodes.
    • The charges are converted to voltage levels, buffered,
    and sent out as an analog signal. This signal is then
    amplified and converted to numbers using an A/D-
    converter outside the sensor.
    • The CCD technology was developed specifically to be
    used in cameras, and CCD sensors have been used for
    more than 30 years. Traditionally, CCD sensors have had
    some advantages compared to CMOS sensors, such as
    better light sensitivity and less noise.
    CCD
    CCD
    • The disadvantages of CCD sensors are that they are
    analog components that require more electronic circuitry
    outside the sensor, they are more expensive to produce,
    and can consume up to 100 times more power than
    CMOS sensors.
    • The increased power consumption can lead to heat
    issues in the camera, which not only impacts image
    quality negatively, but also increases the cost and
    environmental impact of the product.
    • CCD sensors also require a higher data rate, since
    everything has to go through just one output amplifier, or
    a few output amplifiers
    CMOS
    • Early on, ordinary CMOS chips were used for imaging
    purposes, but the image quality was poor due to their
    inferior light sensitivity. Modern CMOS sensors use a
    more specialized technology and the quality and light
    sensitivity of the sensors have rapidly increased in recent
    years.

    • CMOS chips have several advantages. Unlike the CCD


    sensor, the CMOS chip incorporates amplifiers and A/D-
    converters, which lowers the cost for cameras since it
    contains all the logics needed to produce an image.
    CMOS
    CMOS
    • Every CMOS pixel contains conversion electronics.
    Compared to CCD sensors, CMOS sensors have better
    integration possibilities and more functions.
    • However, this addition of circuitry inside the chip can lead
    to a risk of more structured noise, such as stripes and
    other patterns.
    • CMOS sensors also have a faster readout, lower power
    consumption, higher noise immunity, and a smaller
    system size.
    CCD & CMOS
    CCD vs CMOS
    • Create high-quality, low- • More susceptible to
    noise images. noise
    • Greater sensitivity and
    • Light sensitivity is
    fidelity
    lower
    • 100 times more power
    • Require specialized • Consume little power
    assembly lines • Easy to Manufacture
    • Older and more developed • Cheaper
    technology

    Picture quality, sensitivity and cost vs. Cost and battery life.
    CCD Vs CMOS
    • A CMOS sensor incorporates amplifiers, A/D-converters
    and often circuitry for additional processing, whereas in a
    camera with a CCD sensor, many signal processing
    functions are performed outside the sensor.
    • CMOS sensors have a lower power consumption than
    CCD image sensors, which means that the temperature
    inside the camera can be kept lower.
    • Heat issues with CCD sensors can increase interference,
    but on the other hand, CMOS sensors can suffer more
    from structured noise.
    • A CCD sensor generally has one charge-to-voltage
    converter per sensor, whereas a CMOS sensor has one
    per pixel.

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