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    TENSILE

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    Sahithi Sahi
    The document discusses tensile structures, which are constructions that carry only tension and no compression or bending. Tensile membrane structures are commonly used as roofs to span large distances economically. The first practical tensile structures were developed by Vladimir Shukhov in the late 19th century for exhibition pavilions in Russia. Modern tensile structures include sports arenas, warehouses, and exhibition venues. Key types are linear, 3D, and surface-stressed structures. Common materials are PVC and silicone-coated fabrics, with advantages being large spans, light weight, and recyclability. Examples given are the Canada Place building and Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center in Kazakhstan.

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    TENSILE

    Uploaded by

    Sahithi Sahi
    280 views16 pages
    The document discusses tensile structures, which are constructions that carry only tension and no compression or bending. Tensile membrane structures are commonly used as roofs to span large distances economically. The first practical tensile structures were developed by Vladimir Shukhov in the late 19th century for exhibition pavilions in Russia. Modern tensile structures include sports arenas, warehouses, and exhibition venues. Key types are linear, 3D, and surface-stressed structures. Common materials are PVC and silicone-coated fabrics, with advantages being large spans, light weight, and recyclability. Examples given are the Canada Place building and Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center in Kazakhstan.

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    TENSILE (1) (1)

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    The document discusses tensile structures, which are constructions that carry only tension and no compression or bending. Tensile membrane structures are commonly used as roofs to span large distances economically. The first practical tensile structures were developed by Vladimir Shukhov in the late 19th century for exhibition pavilions in Russia. Modern tensile structures include sports arenas, warehouses, and exhibition venues. Key types are linear, 3D, and surface-stressed structures. Common materials are PVC and silicone-coated fabrics, with advantages being large spans, light weight, and recyclability. Examples given are the Canada Place building and Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center in Kazakhstan.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    280 views16 pages

    TENSILE

    Uploaded by

    Sahithi Sahi
    The document discusses tensile structures, which are constructions that carry only tension and no compression or bending. Tensile membrane structures are commonly used as roofs to span large distances economically. The first practical tensile structures were developed by Vladimir Shukhov in the late 19th century for exhibition pavilions in Russia. Modern tensile structures include sports arenas, warehouses, and exhibition venues. Key types are linear, 3D, and surface-stressed structures. Common materials are PVC and silicone-coated fabrics, with advantages being large spans, light weight, and recyclability. Examples given are the Canada Place building and Khan Shatyr Entertainment Center in Kazakhstan.

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    DEFINITION:

    • A tensile structure is a construction of elements carrying only tension and no


    compression or bending.

    • A tensile membrane structure is most often used as a roof, as they can economically
    and attractively span large distances.

    • These type of structure is commonly found in sports facilities, warehousing and


    storage buildings, and exhibition venues.
    HISTORY OF TENSILE STRUCTURES:
    • The first development of
    practical calculations of stresses and
    tensile structures, shells and
    membranes by a Russian
    engineer Vladimir Shukhov.

    • He designed eight tensile structures


    and thin-shell structures exhibition
    pavilions for the Nizhny Novgorod Fair
    of 1896, covering the area of 27,000
    square meters.
    • In recent days, tensile structures have found great popularity and have been used in
    many places. Some of the notable building are Munich OlympiaPark, The Millennium
    Dome London and Ashford Designer Outlet United Kingdom.
    TYPES OF TENSILE STRUCTURES:
    The classification of tensile structures are made on the plane in which the tensile forces
    are acting in the structure. The types are:
    1. Linear tensile structures
    2. Three dimensional tensile structures
    3. Surface stressed tensile structures

    1. Linear tensile structures


    • Linear tensile structures are the structure in which the all the member are in linear
    tensile forces.
    • This linear members are supported by the compression members , but the major
    loads are carried out by tensile members.
    • The main pillars acts as compression members, but the whole load is carried out by
    the cables which are in tension. Mainly used are suspension bridges.
    2. Three-dimensional Tensile Structures
    • Three-dimensional tensile structures,
    is a compilation of elements that are
    primarily in tension, with the
    compression being transferred to a
    central mast and down into the
    ground.
    • The most common occurrence of
    three-dimensional tension can be seen
    at sports arenas and usually serve as
    roofs for these structures.

    3. Surface-Stressed Tensile
    Structures
    • Surface-stressed tensile structures
    are same as other 2 tensile
    structure, but the surface members
    are tension bearing members.
    • Fabric tensile structures are the
    great examples of Surface-stressed
    tensile structures, where the vertical
    pillars hold the special deisgned
    fabric which is in tension.
    Shapes of Tensile Structures:
    The four basic shapes used in the tensile structures are,
    1. Conical Tension Structure
    2. Anticlastic Structure
    3. Parallel Arch or Barrel Vault Structure
    4. Cable Net & Membrane Structure

    1. Conical Tension Structure


    • Highly effective for covering large areas, a conical
    tension structure is easily identified by its tent-like
    shape.Cones are especially effective in areas that need
    to comply with high rain or snow load regulations.

    2. Anticlastic Structure

    • Notable for their excellence with shape retention


    and water runoff.
    • These structures rely on two opposing curvatures,
    also known as anticlastic, for their stability.
    • This type of structure is ideal for shade over seating
    areas or high traffic walkways.
    3. Parallel Arch or Barrel Vault Structure
    • Used in sports arena or smaller areas such as an
    entryway.
    • Depending on the spans, a barrel vault system can
    be a very cost-effective way to incorporate tensile
    membrane on a project due to the repetitive nature
    of the design and efficiencies of materials.

    4. Cable Net & Membrane Structure


    For long-span tensile membrane roofing applications
    typically found in stadiums or large spaces, 3D cable
    net or cable grid structures are an efficient solution
    for lightweight tensile architecture.

    CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS
    For external use there are two main choices –
    i) PVC (Poly Vinyl Chloride) coated polyester cloth
    ii) PTFE(Poly Tetra Fluoro Ethylene) [Teflon] coated glass cloth
    iii) Tedlar coated polyester and
    iv) Silicone coated glass
    For Interiors there are
    i. Silicone coated glass cloth
    ii. PVC coated glass mesh
    COMPONENTS
    • BASE PLATE-Connection to concrete foundation pillar

    • MAST SUPPORTED BALE RING / MEMBRANE PLATE- Provide a


    link between the membrane and structural elements. Bale rings are used at
    the top of conical shapes. Membrane plates accept centenary cables and
    pin connection hardware.

    • MEMBRANE Forms the enclosure of the structure. Connections can be


    glued or heat welded.
    TYPES OF FABRIC MEMBRANES
    • PVC
    Less expensive
    15 to 20 year life span

    • SILICON GLASS
    Easy to erect
    Higher tensile strength Brittle, subject to damage from flexing
    30+ year life span

    • TEFLON GLASS
    Similar to silicon glass, less brittle
    MEMBRANES
    • PVC coated polyester (polyvinylchloride)
    • Silicon coated glass
    • Teflon coated glass P.T.F.E (polytetrafluroethylene)

    ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
    • Longer life cycles of materials.
    • Most materials are completely recyclable.
    • Less impact on site.
    • Less construction debris after demolition.
    ADVANTAGES
    • Unique designs
    • Lightweight and flexible
    • Short building time, off site manufacturing of structure, less site interruption time
    • Large spans
    • Recyclability and Eco friendliness
    • Adaptability to exciting building technologies (steel, glass, cement, stone)
    • Simplicity of maintenance & Easy repair or replacement

    EXAMPLES
    • Cannada place ,Vancouver British Colombia

    • Canada Place is a building situated on the Burrard Inlet waterfront


    of Vancouver, British Columbia. The building's exterior is covered by fabric roofs
    resembling sails.
    • It is a fair or trade building, mast-supported membrane structure and reinforced
    concrete structure is used in the structure.
    • Height of the building is 27m and width is 77m.
    YOYOGI NATIONAL GYMNASIUM

    Façade of the
    building

    • The most famous work by kenzo tange.


    • Built for the Olympics in 1964.
    • It is comprised of twobuildings.
    • Inspired by the skyline of the Colosseum in Rome
    • The gymnasium has a capacity of approximately 16,000 &smaller
    building can accommodate up 5,300 people
    • Its aerodynamic monumental and suggestive design became an icon of
    the japanese capital and a benchmark in the metabolist movement
    distancing himself from the international style.
    CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
    The structure concept is based on a main spine that consists of two steel
    cables of 13”in diameter,anchored to two slabs of concrete on either end of
    the building and two structural towers.
    Cables describe a parabolic curve (catenary) from which smaller wires are
    placed perpendicularly ,to form a tent – like roof.
    The roof over stands ,having different curvature from that of the
    cables,generates an elegant and graceful roofing structure ,whose
    surface,concave and convex at the same time ( a mix of parabola and
    hyperbola) is called a hyperbolicparaboloid.

    Roof details Cables which describe the parabolic


    curve
    KHAN SHATYR
    shopping and entertainment
    centre, Astana, kazakhstan.
    • Architect - Foster + Partners
    • Engineer - Buro Happold
    • Astana, the new capital of Kazakhstan, is being constructed in an austere eastern landscape with an extreme climate.
    • Its remote steppe location to the north of the country experiences temperature below freezing for half the year with
    extremes ranging from - 40ºC to
    +40ºC.

    INITIALCONCEPT
    • Creating a giant, free-spanning enclosure with the minimum of support.
    • Single-masted cable net in a conical form was their natural choice due to its simplicity and efficiency of material.
    • With a single compression mast to lift the net and create a large volume underneath, the roof skin is in tension and can use cables
    rather than beams to carry all loads.
    • It also creates a very strong “iconic” form on the skyline – a critical consideration for such an important building in the capital
    city.
    STRUCTURAL DESIGN
    • The 19,000m2 transparent roof of the Entertainment Centre comprises ETFE (Ethylene tetra
    fluoroethylene) cushions supported on a cable net structure.
    • The skin of ETFE cushions is very lightweight and insulates while still providing
    natural daylight.
    • The cushions are flexible to accept the large deflections of the cable net, however their
    frames are much more rigid, and so they decided a staggered arrangement of
    cushions.
    • This allows the hoop frame of one panel to squeeze in on the mid point of the adjacent
    panel and benifit from the inherent flexibility of the cushion.

    • Cable Structure
    • Traditionally the central support of a conic tent is a single mast, pinned at both the
    top and the bottom and stabilised by the tent that it supports.
    TYPES OF STRUCTURES WITH SIGNIFICANT TENSION MEMBERS:

    LINEAR STRUCTURES:
    •Suspension bridges
    •Draped cables
    •Cable stayed beams or trusses
    •Cable trusses
    •Straight tensioned cables

    THREE DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURES:


    •Bicycle wheel (can be used as a roof in a horizontal orientation)
    •3D cable trusses
    •tensegrity structures

    SURFACE STRESSED STRUCTURES:


    •Pre stressed membranes
    •Pneumatically stressed membranes
    •gridshell
    •Fabric structure
    •Cable and membrane structures

    LINEAR STRUCTURES:
    SUSPENSION BRIDGE:
    TYPES OF STRUCTURES
    •Stayed
    •Suspended
    • Anticlastic
    • Pneumatic
    •Trussed
    STAYED:
    To span railroad trucks underneath, the truss roof is
    suspended by stay cables.

    SUSPENDED STRUCTURES:
    •here is the sequence of force transmission for
    the cable-stayed bridge: 1. to the deck; 2. to the
    stay cable; 3. to the bridge tower; 4. and also is
    the last, to the foundation.
    •if one car pass on the bridge,
    •here is the sequence of force transmission for
    the suspension bridge: 1. to the deck; 2. to the
    suspender; 3. to the main cable; 4. to the bridge
    tower; 5. and also is the last, to the foundation.
    ANTICLASTIC STRUCTURES:
    • Opposing strings stabilize a point in space
    •Several opposing strings stabilize several points
    •Anticlastic curvature stabilizes a membrane
    TYPES OF FABRIC STRUCTURES
    • Saddle roof
    • Mast supported
    • Arch supported
    • Point supported
    • Combinations
    SADDLE ROOF
    • Four or more point system when the fabric is
    stretched between a set of alternating high
    and low point
    MAST SUPPORTED
    • Tent - like structures containing one or more
    peaks supported by poles (masts) or a
    compression ring that connects the fabric to
    the central support.
    ARCH SUPPORTED
    • Curved compression members are used as the main
    supporting elements and cross arches are used for lateral
    stability.
    Components Connection to concrete foundation
    pillar
    •BASE PLATE
    •MEMBRANES Forms the enclosure of the structure.
    Connections can be glued or heat welded Provide a
    link between the membrane and structural elements..
    •Bale rings are used at the top of conical shapes.
    •Membrane plates accept centenary cables and pin
    connection hardware.
    •BALE RING/ MEMBRANE PLATE
    • PVC coated polyester (polyvinylchloride)
    • Silicon coated glass
    • Teflon coated glass P.T.F.E (polytetrafluroethylene)
    •TYPES OF FABRIC MEMBRANE PVC : Less expensive 15 to
    20 year life span Easy to erect SILICON GLASS: Higher
    tensile strength Brittle, subject to dam

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