Introduction to Power System

Analysis
ET2105 Electrical Power System Essentials
Prof. Lou van der Sluis
12 February 2020

Delft
University of
Technology

Electrical Power System Essentials

 Test (1)

• The average power of the instantaneous power dissipated in an

AC circuit is called

A. Complex power S
B. Apparent power |S|
C. Active power P
D. Reactive power Q

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 Test (2)

• An inductive current
A. leads
B. lags
the voltage

• A capacitive load
A. supplies
B. consumes
reactive power

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 Electrical Power System Essentials
Outline

1. Introduction to Power System Analysis

2. The Generation of Electric Energy
3. The Transmission of Electric Energy
4. The Utilization of Electric Energy
5. Power System Control
6. Energy Management Systems
7. Electricity Markets
8. Future Power Systems

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 The energy is stored in the
Electromagnetic Field

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 Why…?

• Why AC and not DC ?

• Why a sinusoidal alternating voltage ?

• Why 50 Hz (or 60 HZ) ?

• Why three-phase systems ?

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 Why AC and not DC ?
Break-even distance for HVDC

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 Why a Sinusoidal Alternating Voltage ?
Triangular, sinusoidal and block

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 The choice of Frequency (1)
50 Hz and 60 Hz

• Between 1885 and 1890 in the U.S.A.:

• 140, 133⅓, 125, 83 ⅓, 66 ⅔, 50, 40, 33 ⅓, 30, 25 en 16⅔ Hz

• Nowadays:
• 60 Hz in North America, Brazil and Japan (has also 50 Hz!)
• 50 Hz in most other countries
• 25 Hz Railways (Amtrak)
• 16⅔ Hz Railways
• 400 Hz Oil rigs, ships and airplanes

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 The choice of Frequency (2)
50 Hz and 60 Hz

• A too low frequency, like 10 or 20 Hz causes flicker

• A too high frequency

• Increases the hysteresis losses:

Phys :: f  1.52.5
• Increases the eddy current losses:
Peddy :: f 2 2
• Increases the cable and line impedance

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 Three Phase Systems (1)
Phase voltages in a balanced three-phase
system (50 Hz)

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 Three Phase Systems (2)
The magnetic field generated by a three-phase
system is a rotating field

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 Some basics

• 3 phase systems

• Power

• Voltage levels

• Phasors

• Per unit calculation

• Power system structure

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 Three Single Phase Systems 
One Three Phase System

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 Balanced Three Phase System (1)

Vc Ic
• Voltages in the 3 phases have
the same amplitude, but differ
120 electrical degrees in phase Va

• Equal impedances in the 3 Ib Ia

phases
Vb

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 Balanced Three Phase System (2)

Vc Ic

I n  I a  Ib  I c  0
0
Va
Ic
Ia
Ib Ia
Ib
Vb

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 Balanced system 
Single Phase calculation

Vc Ic

120º

Va

Ib Ia

Vb 120º

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 Line-to-Line Voltage

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 Three Phase Complex Power

• 3 x 1-phase complex power

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 Power (1)

P: Active power (average value viR)

Q: Reactive power (average value viX)

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 Power (2)
How to calculate P and Q from the voltage and
current phasor ?

I*

 V
I
• Inductive load consumes reactive power (Q>0)
• Current lags the supply voltage
Positive

• Capacitive load generates reactive power (Q<0)

• Current leads the supply voltage
Negative

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 Power (3)

S Complex power VA

|S| Apparent power VA

P Active power W
Average power

Q Reactive power var

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 Series / Parallel

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 Power Factor

Power factor  That part of the apparent power that is related to

the mean energy flow

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 System Voltage Levels

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 Steady State Analysis: f = 50 Hz

• f = 50Hz   = v/f = 3e8/50 = 6000km

6000 km

• Modelling with R, G, L and C

L
C/2 C/2

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 Steady State Analysis (1)

50 V
100
30°
86.6

Example:

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 Steady State Analysis (2)

Power
System

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 Phasor/Vector Calculus

Real/imaginairy part: Length/angle:

Addition/substraction Multiplication/division

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 Network Elements

Element Time domain Phasor domain

Resistance v = iR V = IR
Reactor v = L (di/dt) V = jLI = jXI
Capacitor i = C (dv/dt) I = jCV = jBV

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 Time  Phasor
Current in phase

U = IR

Current lagging

U = jLI

Current leading

I = jCU

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 Per-Unit Normalization

• 156150 V  1.041 pu (150000 V = 1 pu)

• Advantageous to calculating with percentages
• 100% * 100% = 10000/100 = 100%
• 1 pu * 1 pu = 1 pu
• Define 2 base quantities  Example:

Base quantity Value

Voltage

(apparent) Power

Current

Impedance

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 Power System Structure

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