Chapter 2.

Research Process

• Introduction
• Theoretical Framework
• Research Hypotheses

Chapter 3. Research Design

• Introduction
• Nature of and Classification of design
• Developing an appropriate research design
• Experimental Research Design
 Understand the Formulate the Business Query
Situation
thoroughly

Review concepts, theories Define

Formulate Research
Review previous processes,
Hypothesis(es) Problem
research findings

Value of Design Research Data Collection

research
information Design Sampling

Interpretation,
Implementation Data
Report,
Analysis
Recommendations
 Formulating Research Problem
• Existing Problem
• Areas of Improvement
• Conceptual Tightening
• Empirically Testing
 Preliminary Data Collection
• Review of concepts and theories
• Background Information about the
Company-Contextual Information
• Structural Information
• Perceptions, Attitudes, and Behavioral
Responses
 Background Information about the
Company-Contextual Information
• Origin and History
• Purpose and Ideology
• Location –Local, National or Other
• Resources
• Interdependent Relationship with ENV
• Financial Position
 Structural Information
• Roles, Positions and Number of Employees
• Extent of Specialization
• Communication Channels
• Control Systems
• Coordination and Span of Control
• Reward Systems
• Workflow Systems
 Perceptions, Attitudes, and
Behavioral Responses
• Perception : Work Environment and
Organizational Climate
• Attitudinal Factors: Work Nature,
Interdependency, Superiors, Participation,
Client System, Co-workers, Rewards,
Opportunities, Family Responsibilities etc
• Behavioral Responses: Performance and
Industriousness
 Literature Survey
Documentation of Comprehensive Review
of Published and Unpublished work from
Secondary Sources (Books, Journals,
Newspapers, Magazines, Conference
Proceedings, Doctoral Dissertations,
Reports and Other Publications) of Data in
the Areas Specific Interest to the
Researcher.
 Reasons of Literature Review
• Find out an Important Variable in Past
found repeatedly to have an Impact on the
Problem ( or not stated considered to be
obvious )
• Stop Redundancy of Work
• Developing Comprehensive Theoretical
Framework to Develop Hypothesis
 Writing Literature Review
• American Psychological
Association(2001)
• Chicago Manual Style
• Turbanian Style
APA Format Citations
 Citation of Dissertation
• Wefald (2008) provides a summary of the current state of
affairs on academic measures of job engagement. Much of
this research has been done with study samples and the
focus has been on establishing the psychometric
characteristics of the measures including structure,
reliability, and associations with other job attitudes.
However, a very limited amount of work has looked at
consequences of job engagement.
• Wefald, A. J. (2008). An examination of job engagement,
transformational leadership, and related psychological constructs.
Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Kansas State University,
Manhattan, KS.
 Citation from a Book
• Role efficacy is a developmental proactive
approach contrary to the “Role stress”
approaches (Pestonjee, 1992).
• Pestonjee, D .M. (1992) Stress and Coping:
The Indian Experience, Sage Publications,
New Delhi, India.
• All other institutes took them or some other foreign
institutes as a model. R&D wings did hardly think and act
on distressing issue as peer group through their training
centers too. The success of technological implication
leading to skill development front of professional education
centers to come up with industry-ready people to drive the
competitiveness. Panda(2008)
• Panda, B.P. (2008). Technology in Indian Business
Education-a skill drive for competitiveness. Proceedings of
International Conference on Business Education in Global
Economy, Adventage Education foundation, Udaipur, India
 How its done?
• Introduce the subject of study
• Identify the research question
• Build on the previous research to offer the
basis to get to next steps of theoretical
framework and hypotheses development
Exercises on Literature Review
 Problem Definition
• Define a problem as any situation where a
gap exists between the actual and desired
the ideal states
• A clear, precise, succinct statement of the
question or issue to be investigated with
goal of finding answer or solution
 Steps in P.D.
• Analyzing the Gap
• Identifying Symptoms with Real Problems
• Identifying Antecedent, Real Problem and
Consequences

PROBLEM
ANTECEDENT CONSEQUENCES
 Example: Manager is facing a problem of low
productivity in the company. He Implements Piece
Rate System but it fails to bring any change.
WHY????
• Antecedent : No Appreciation at Work
• Problem: Low Morale and Motivation
• Symptoms: Absenteeism or Sabotage
• Consequences : Low Productivity
• Problem Statement:
To Study the Impact of Low Morale and Motivation
on the Productivity of the Company.
 Exercise on Problem Definition
using APA format Literature Review
 15 REFERNCES
1. ROLE EFFICACY
2. ENTERPRENEURSHIP
3. PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT
4. GLOBAL WARMING
5. RURAL INDIA
6. CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
7. WORK LIFE BALANCE
8. ASSESSMENT CENTERS
 Sampling Errors - difference between the true
population value and its estimated sample value
Error
Nonsampling Errors

Nonresponse Errors Response Errors

Researcher Errors

Interviewer Errors

Respondent Errors

Nonsampling Errors
• arise during the course of all survey activities other than sampling
• present in both sample surveys and censuses
• difficult to assess
Non-response errors
• result of not having obtained sufficient answers to survey questions
• two types of non-response errors: complete and partial.

Complete non-response errors

• survey fails to measure some of the units in the selected sample.
• reasons - respondent is unavailable or temporarily absent,
respondent is unable or refuses to participate in the survey
a significant number of people do not respond to a survey

Partial non-response errors

• incomplete information obtained from the respondent
• reasons - some questions may be difficult to understand
refusal to answer some questions
Response errors
result from data that have been requested, provided, received or recorded
incorrectly
• occur because of inefficiencies with the questionnaire, the interviewer,
the respondent or the survey process
Researcher Errors
1. Population definition error - the difference between the actual
population relative to the issue/problem and the population as defined
by the researcher
2. Sample design error – inappropriate sampling technique
3. Questionnaire design –
structure error
language error
measurement / scale error
4. Data analysis error
5. Reporting error
6. Surrogate information error