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    Alkaloids

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    Hema Sundar Reddy
    Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing compounds found in many plants. They serve defensive roles against herbivores and often have physiological effects in humans. Many alkaloids are synthesized from common amino acids and have therapeutic or psychoactive properties in small doses. However, in large amounts they can be highly toxic. Common classes of alkaloids are defined by their ring structures and carbon skeletons.

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    Alkaloids

    Uploaded by

    Hema Sundar Reddy
    1K views23 pages
    Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing compounds found in many plants. They serve defensive roles against herbivores and often have physiological effects in humans. Many alkaloids are synthesized from common amino acids and have therapeutic or psychoactive properties in small doses. However, in large amounts they can be highly toxic. Common classes of alkaloids are defined by their ring structures and carbon skeletons.

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    Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing compounds found in many plants. They serve defensive roles against herbivores and often have physiological effects in humans. Many alkaloids are synthesized from common amino acids and have therapeutic or psychoactive properties in small doses. However, in large amounts they can be highly toxic. Common classes of alkaloids are defined by their ring structures and carbon skeletons.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    1K views23 pages

    Alkaloids

    Uploaded by

    Hema Sundar Reddy
    Alkaloids are nitrogen-containing compounds found in many plants. They serve defensive roles against herbivores and often have physiological effects in humans. Many alkaloids are synthesized from common amino acids and have therapeutic or psychoactive properties in small doses. However, in large amounts they can be highly toxic. Common classes of alkaloids are defined by their ring structures and carbon skeletons.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    of 23

    Alkaloids

    Alkaloids

     Distribution
     Properties
     Role in plants
     Defense compounds
     Animal poisoning
     Lupine
     Groundsel
     Larkspur
     Jimson weed (Scopolamine)
     Henban (Atropine)
     Other roles in plants
    Lupines
    Texas bluebonnet
    Effects of alkaloids on humans

     High biological activity


     Produce varying degrees of physiological and
    psychological responses - largely by interfering with
    neurotransmitters
     others interfere with membrane transport, protein synthesis
    or other processes
     In large doses - highly toxic - fatal
     In small doses, many have therapeutic value
     muscle relaxants, tranquilizers, pain killers, mind altering
    drugs, chemotherapy
    Psychoactive alkaloids
     Although only a small percent are psychoactive,
    these get much focus
     Affect the central nervous system - often by
    influencing neurotransmitters
     Categories of psychoactive cmpds
     Stimulants
     Hallucinogens
     Depressants
     May also be narcotic (addictive)
    Psychoactive alkaloids

    Stimulants Hallucinogens Depressants


    Cocaine Tropane alkaloids Morphine

    Ephedrine Mescaline Codeine

    Caffeine Psilocybin Heroin

    Ergot alkaloids (LSD)


    Alkaloid synthesis

     Most alkaloids are synthesized from a few common


    amino acids (tyrosine, tryptophan, ornithine or
    argenine, aspartic acid, & lysine)
     Nicotinic acid precursor for part of nicotine
     Purine precursor for caffeine
     Some alkaloids synthesized from terpenes - along
    mevalonic acid pathway
     Generally classified by the predominant ring
    structure and/or carbon skeleton
    Tropane alkaloids

    Many of these psychoactive alkaloids


    Pyrrolizidine alkaloids
    Piperidine alkaloids
    Piperidine/Pyridine alkaloids
    Purine alkaloids

    Figure 3-5 Caffeine


    Quinoline alkaloids
    Isoquinoline alkaloids
    Indole alkaloids

    Vindoline
    Vinblastine (Catharanthus)
    Quinolizidine alkaloids
    Steroidal alkaloids
    Steroidal alkaloids
    Diterpenoid alkaloids
    Amine alkaloids

    Alkaloids without heterocyclic nitrogen atoms


    Other classes of alkaloids

     Betalain alkaloids - pigment alkaloids


     Lycopodium alkaloids - restricted to club
    mosses
     Peptide alkaloids

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