Bhuj Earthquake India

Presented by -
ANIMESH JAISWAL
B.ARCH 3RD YR
FOAP,AKTU
I. Gujarat : Disaster on a day of
celebration
51st Republic Day on January 26, 2001
Earthquake: Gujarat, India

January 26, 2001

 Gujarat 2001
7.9 on the Richter scale.
8.46 AM January 26th
20,800 dead
 Basic Facts
Earthquake: 8:46am on January 26, 2001

Epicenter: Near Bhuj in Gujarat, India

Magnitude: 7.9 on the Richter Scale

 Geologic Setting
Indian Plate Sub ducting beneath Eurasian Plate

Continental Drift

Convergent Boundary
 Specifics of 2001 Quake
Compression Stress between region’s faults

Depth: 16km

Probable Fault: Kachchh Mainland

Fault Type: Reverse Dip-Slip

(Thrust Fault)
 Location

The earthquake’s epicentre

was 20km from Bhuj. A city
with a population of
140,000 in 2001. The city is
in the region known as the
Kutch region. The effects
of the earthquake were also
felt on the north side of the
Pakistan border, in
Pakistan 18 people were
killed.
Tectonic systems
The earthquake was caused at the
convergent plate boundary between the
Indian plate and the Eurasian plate
boundary. These pushed together and
caused the earthquake. However as Bhuj
is in an intraplate zone, the earthquake
was not expected, this is one of the
reasons so many buildings were destroyed
– because people did not build to
earthquake resistant standards in an area
earthquakes were not thought to occur. In
addition the Gujarat earthquake is an
Bhuj
excellent example of liquefaction, causing
buildings to ‘sink’ into the ground which
gains a consistency of a liquid due to the
frequency of the earthquake.
Background
India : Vulnerability to earthquakes

56% of the total area of the Indian Republic is

vulnerable to seismic activity.
12% of the area comes under Zone V (A&N
Islands, Bihar, Gujarat, Himachal Pradesh, J&K,
N.E.States, Uttaranchal)
18% area in Zone IV (Bihar, Delhi, Gujarat,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, J&K,
Lakshadweep, Maharashtra, Punjab, Sikkim,
Uttaranchal, W. Bengal)
26% area in Zone III (Andhra Pradesh, Bihar,
Goa, Gujarat, Haryana, Kerala, Maharashtra,
Orissa, Punjab, Rajasthan, Tamil Nadu,
Uttaranchal, W. Bengal)
Gujarat: an advanced state on the west coast of
India.
On 26 January 2001, an earthquake struck the
Kutch district of Gujarat at 8.46 am.
Epicentre 20 km North East of Bhuj, the
headquarter of Kutch.
The Indian Meteorological Department
estimated the intensity of the earthquake at 6.9
Richter. According to the US Geological Survey,
the intensity of the quake was 7.7 Richter.
The quake was the worst in India in the last
180 years.
 What earthquakes do
Casualties: loss of life and injury.
Loss of housing.
Damage to infrastructure.
Disruption of transport and communications.
Panic
Looting.
Breakdown of social order.
Loss of industrial output.
Loss of business.
Disruption of marketing systems.
 A summary
The earthquake devastated Kutch. Practically
all buildings and structures of Kutch were
brought down.
Ahmedabad, Rajkot, Jamnagar, Surendaranagar
and Patan were heavily damaged.
Nearly 19,000 people died. Kutch alone
reported more than 17,000 deaths.
1.66 lakh people were injured. Most were
handicapped for the rest of their lives.
The dead included 7,065 children (0-14 years)
and 9,110 women.
There were 348 orphans and 826 widows.
 Loss classification
Deaths and injuries: demographics and labour
markets
Effects on assets and GDP
Effects on fiscal accounts
Financial markets
Disaster loss
Initial estimate Rs. 200 billion.
Came down to Rs. 144 billion.
No inventory of buildings
Non-engineered buildings
Land and buildings
Stocks and flows
Reconstruction costs (Rs. 106 billion) and loss
estimates (Rs. 99 billion) are different
Public good considerations
Human Impact: Tertiary effects
Affected 15.9 million people out of 37.8 in the region (in
areas such as Bhuj, Bhachau, Anjar, Ganhidham, Rapar)
High demand for food, water, and medical care for
survivors
Humanitarian intervention by groups such as Oxfam:
focused on Immediate response and then rehabilitation
Of survivors, many require persistent medical attention
Region continues to require assistance long after quake
has subsided
International aid vital to recovery
 Social Impacts
However at the same time, looting
and violence occurred following
the quake, and this affected many
people too.
On the other hand, the
earthquake resulted in millions of
USD in aid, which has since
allowed the Bhuj region to rebuild
itself and then grow in a way it
•80% of water and food wouldn’t have done otherwise.
sources were destroyed. The final major social effect was
•The obvious social that around 400,000 Indian
impacts are that around homes were destroyed resulting in
20,000 people were around 2 million people being
killed and near 200,000 made homeless immediately
were injured. following the quake.
Social security and insurance
Ex gratia payment: death relief and monetary benefits
to the injured
Major and minor injuries
 Cash doles
Government insurance fund
Group insurance schemes
Claim ratio
Demographics and labour market
Geographic pattern of ground motion, spatial array of
population and properties at risk, and their risk
vulnerabilities.
Low population density was a saving grace.
Holiday
Extra fatalities among women
Effect on dependency ratio
Farming and textiles
Economic Total damage estimated at around
$7 billion. However $18 billion of
Impacts aid was invested in the Bhuj area.
Over 15km of tarmac road networks
were completely destroyed.
In the economic capital of the
Gujarat region, Ahmedabad, 58
multi storey buildings were
destroyed, these buildings
contained many of the businesses
which were generating the wealth
of the region.
Many schools were destroyed and
the literacy rate of the Gujarat
region is now the lowest outside
southern India.
Impact on GDP
Applying ICOR
Rs. 99 billion – deduct a third as loss of current
value added.
Get GDP loss as Rs. 23 billion
Adjust for heterogeneous capital, excess capacity,
loss Rs. 20 billion.
Reconstruction efforts.
Likely to have been Rs. 15 billion.
Fiscal accounts
Differentiate among different taxes: sales tax,
stamp duties and registration fees, motor vehicle
tax, electricity duty, entertainment tax, profession
tax, state excise and other taxes. Shortfall of Rs. 9
billion of which about Rs. 6 billion unconnected
with earthquake.
Earthquake related other flows.
Expenditure:Rs. 8 billion on relief. Rs. 87 billion
on rehabilitation.
 Impact on Revenue
Sales tax losses for February and March 2001 were
Rs 115 crore. For 2001-02, the losses were expected
to be Rs 260 crore.
Only 10% of the estimated stamp duty and
registration fees were expected to be realised in
February and March 2001, . For 2001-02,
collections were expected to fall by 50%.
Motor vehicle tax collections were expected to fall
short of budgeted figures by almost Rs 600 crore.
Monthly losses of Rs 4 crore each were projected
for electricity duty and entertainment tax.
Professional taxes were expected to be lower by Rs
5 crore in the current year.
 Impact on Revenue (contd.)
The impact on total tax revenues was estimated
at Rs 286 crore, Rs 345 crore, and Rs 436 crore,
in 2000-01, 2001-02, and 2002-03 respectively.
Total own taxes (as % of SDP) were expected to
fall from budgeted estimate of 8.56% (2000-01)
to 7.85% and further to 7.46% in 2001-02.
Total tax revenue (as% of SDP) was expected to
decline from budgeted estimate of nearly 10%
(2000-01) to 9.27% and further to 8.76% in
2001-02
 Impact on Expenditure
Total relief expenditure (food supplies, medical
relief, debris removal, and cash compensation)
was estimated at around Rs 840 crore.
Total rehabilitation expenses were figured at Rs
8665 crore. Housing accounted for the highest
expenditure (Rs 5148 crore), followed by
education (Rs 837 crore) and drinking water (Rs
614 crore).
Total (relief and rehabilitation) expenses
amounted to Rs 9,345 crore.
Other Economic Impacts
Non-tax revenues : Interest receipts, irrigation receipts,
and royalties were expected to remain largely
unaffected.
Municipal finances: Almost 10% of municipal revenues
were expected to be lost in a year.
Banking : 68 commercial bank branches were fully
damaged and 80 branches were partially damaged.
Financial market: The wealth loss was expected to lead
to reshuffling of peoples’ portfolios and affect asset
market behaviour.
Employment: Nearly 5 lakh people were expected to
become unemployed. Employment in salt, ceramic, and
small-scale industries (including refractories,
powerlooms, cotton ginning etc.) was worst affected.
 Financial arrangements
Calamity Relief Fund (CRF) in each state.
The CRF allocation during the period 2000-05 has
been increased to Rs 11007.56 crore as compared
with Rs 6304.27 crore during 1995-2000.
The efforts are supplemented by provision of
additional assistance from National Calamity
Contingency Fund (NCCF) during severe
calamities.
Calamity Relief Fund (CRF)
Came into force from April 1990.
Set up by each state for financing natural
calamity relief assistance (earthquake, cyclone,
flood etc.).
Financial share of 3:1 between the Government
of India and states.
The government of India’s share comes in as
grant-in-aid.
A state-level committee headed by the Chief
Secretary of the state administers the Fund.
 National Calamity Contingency Fund (NCCF)
Came into force from 2000-01.
Aims to assist natural calamities (earthquake,
flood, drought etc.) when the magnitude of the
disasters require more support than what the
state can provide.
The initial corpus of NCCF was Rs 500 crore.
The National Centre for Calamity Management
(NCCM) under the M/o Home Affairs
administers the Fund.
Assistance provided by the Centre to States
from NCCF is financed by levy of special
surcharge on Central taxes for a limited period.
 Expenditure norms under NCCF and CRF
Ex-gratia payment to families of deceased persons: Rs
50,000/- per person.
Ex-gratia payment for loss of limbs/eyes: Rs 25,000/- per
person.
Injury leading to hospitalisation for more than one week:
Rs 5,000/ per person.
Relief for old, infirm and destitute children: Adults- Rs
20/- per day; children- Rs 10/- per day.
Repair/restoration of damaged houses: Fully damaged –
Rs 10,000/- (Rs 6,000/- for kuccha); severely damaged –
Rs 2,000/- (Rs. 1,000/- for kuccha)
Assistance to artisans (as subsidy) for repair/replacement
of damaged equipment : Traditional craft – Rs 1,000/- per
person; Handloom weavers – Rs 1,000/- per loom.
Gujarat : Assistance provided
Immediate relief of Rs 500 crore from the NCCF.
NCCF augmented by imposing a 2% surcharge on
personal and corporate income tax in Union Budget
(2001-02) for assisting Gujarat.
Rs 110 crore provided from PM’s Relief Fund.
Assistance was provided under various centrally
sponsored schemes for reconstruction of social and
physical infrastructure.
Arrangements were tied up with ADB and World Bank for
credit worth US $800 million.
NHB and HUDCO set apart adequate funds for housing
reconstruction.
RBI instructed banks to freeze recoveries and extend
liberal loans.
Gujarat government was enabled to float tax-free
earthquake bonds.
Environmental Impacts
80% of water and food sources were destroyed.
Over a million structures were damaged, as a
result local resources were used on a very high
scale in order to repair and rebuild the region.
The area was once India's most visited region (by
tourists) outside the central cities. However after
many of the old, historic buildings were destroyed
this element of the economy was destroyed. As a
result the money no longer exists to maintain the
environment to the same standard.
‘Dewatering’
This was the major cause of
the percentage of crops
which were destroyed.
Groundwater was brought to
the surface by the frequency
of the quake…the
groundwater then flowed
away in the Indian ocean, as
such even months and years
later the water table in the
region has a reduced quantity
and crop yields are still less
plentiful then pre-quake
years. The purple spots
represent this water.
Disaster loss, reconstruction cost and output loss
ADB and World Bank’s Gujarat Earthquake
Assessment Mission visited Gujarat during
February 11-22, 2001 for assessing the
economic impact of the earthquake.
The disaster loss was estimated at Rs 99
billion.
Reconstruction costs were estimated at Rs 106
billion.
The annual loss of state domestic product was
estimated at around Rs 20 billion (assuming an
ICOR of 4) for the first 12 months.
 Relief functions: Primary and Secondary
Primary: Secondary :
 Operate warning systems.  Rehabilitation through
 Restore and maintain military aid to civil
uninterrupted authorities
communication.  Coordinating activities of
 Maintain transportation state and voluntary
for evacuation & agencies
movement of essential  Preparing contingency
commodities. plans for crops, cattle
 Ensure availability of preservation, nutrition
drugs & medicines. and health measures.
 Mobilise financial  Providing technical and
resources. technological inputs for
drinking water.
Challenges
Transportation System:
• Airports closed
• City in gridlock as traffic lights were out
• Cars were used to transport injured due to
run out of ambulances
 Telecommunication System:
 Telecommunication system was disrupted initially
 People were requested to use messaging service instead of
calling, so that emergency services can use the phone lines.
 Telephone companies established emergency lines and free
call facilities after few hours.
Response & Rescue opertion

Search and rescue operations

International Community – Response

Response within the country

First impressions of shelters

Health initiatives
Search and rescue operations
All sizes and hues, relief equipment, personnel and
rescue teams with their equipment.
Transportation trucks at times were not available and
there was difficulty in finding labour for loading and
unloading material which caused avoidable and
critical delays.
International Community - Response
17 Search and Rescue (SAR) teams made up of 399 rescuers and 26
rescue dogs equipped with technical and rescue equipment assisted in
the search and rescue operation.
Teams from Switzerland, Scotland, Mexico, France, Spain, Poland,
Turkey, Japan were most active in this task.
More than 300 persons were rescued alive in the first 5 days.
CARE Canada & Norway arrived in Bhuj with 2650 tents.
40 persons relief team were engaged in relief work.
The medical teams with medicines arrived from France, Japan, South
Korea, Mexico, and other countries.
66 countries, 24 other international donors/various international
organisations sent rescue teams including sniffer dogs, relief materials
and mobile hospitals.
 Response within the country
Several CSOs/NGOs/philanthropists and rescue teams rushed to Gujarat
from all over the country.
Gujaratis and residents of different states set up community kitchens.
One such was set up in Adesar by an organisation called ‘Jain Sasan’ of
Mumbai in which more than 3500 persons were served food per day.
Air force was bringing airmen everyday for Ahmedabad in which a large
number of ex-servicemen came forward to work for the rescue and relief
.
Transportation facilities were extended for relief material abroad With
free handling facilities to charter flights bringing in relief materials.
By 5th February 2001 – financial assistance of IRS 500.00 Crores
equaling USD 1 billion by Central govt. was commited.
In addition, 95,000 MT of food, other materials like clothing and tents,
medical supplies and personnel, fuel and communication equipment
were made available.
Health initiatives
The army colonel whose unit was airlifted for emergency
medical operations due to their experience of handling the
cyclone in Orissa and earthquake in Latur stated that he
hadn’t had a bath for 4 days.
He could predict a pattern in the inflow of patients in
disasters who start trickling in after the first 24 hrs and the
flow becoming a deluge after 48 hrs and tapering off after
nearly 7 days.
Indian doctors worked as a team with foreign health teams.
Foreign mobile hospitals were operationalised within 24
hrs of their arrival.
Rescue Operations
Involved Personas:
 firefighters
 paramedics
 rescue specialists
 emergency room physicians
 structural engineers,
 heavy equipment specialists,
 hazardous materials technicians,
 communications specialists
 logistics specialists.
 A Participatory Approach
Disaster management is primarily
responsibility of State Governments.
The Government of India supplements state
through policy and administrative response.
Policy response comprises of activating
administrative machinery for assisting relief
measures and monitoring progress.
Administrative response comprises of primary
and secondary relief functions.
Reconstruction Activities
The reconstruction process involves a wide range of
activities. For the
purpose of this paper, these activities have been
grouped under the following titles.
The next sections analyze the mitigation aspect of
each of these activities.
Key activities:
 Mapping and property database
 Preparation of a city-level development plan
 The development of urban infrastructure
 Town planning schemes to redevelop the walled city
 Experiments in community planning, institution building and

supporting civil society initiatives.

Disaster waste disposal
 Recycling all debris after a disaster was costly and
disruptive
 Choosing 100 per cent recycling would be great for the
environment, but cost more and take a lot longer.
Suggestions
Lessons learned
The importance of accurate base maps for cities cannot be
over-emphasized.
Usually, no survey is carried out during the planning stage
and the preparation of development plans, therefore planners
prepare proposals using inadequate information.
The cost of carrying out a survey is often seen as unaffordable,
whereas the future costs of planning infrastructure with
inadequate information is never visible to the untrained eye.
A systematic effort has to be mounted to create accurate base
maps for all Indian cities without waiting for disasters to
strike each one of them.
This requires close collaboration between the Urban
Development Department and the Office of the Settlement
Commissioner, under whom the City Survey Department
and the District Inspector of Land Records work.
It is also worthwhile considering amendments to law that
would make local urban bodies responsible for and the
custodians of updated maps and land records.
Often cadastral information is maintained by several local
agencies on different base maps, making it impossible to
relate these maps to each other.
Therefore it is important for the main local government
agency to create a unified base map with all topographical,
cadastral and thematic information and to persuade all
agencies to work using the same base map.
Town planning schemes are a legislative mechanism with which
the government physically reorganizes parcels of land in a given
jurisdiction, retaining a small portion of land from each plot to
create new streets and open spaces.
This is usually done at a city’s edge, as a practical maneuver in
converting agricultural plots to urban use.
But in Bhuj’s case, the legislative instrument has been creatively
used as a strategy to reorganize the walled city’s morphology.
The precise significance in its application lies in the fact that a
piece of urban legislation has been reinterpreted and grafted –
in a rather an unusual manner – to a city’s historic core,
enabling its post-disaster reconstruction.
The essential act of reinterpreting this piece of legislation to
suit a post-disaster urban context represents a considerable leap
of faith, and demonstrates the potential flexibility of urban
regulations as catalysts of reconstruction.
Thank you …..