INFERENTIAL

INFERENTIAL
STATISTICS AND
STATISTICS AND
HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
TESTING
OLEH : LABIBAH HANIFAH (1402180238)
KELAS : AK-41-04
HYPOTHESIS TESTING

HYPOTHESIS TESTING PENGUJIAN HIPOTESIS

Hypothesis testing or significance Pengujian hipotesis atau pengujian
testing is a method for testing a claim signifikansi adalah metode untuk menguji
or hypothesis about a parameter in a suatu klaim atau hipotesis tentang
population, using data measured in a parameter dalam suatu populasi,
sample. In this method, we test some menggunakan data yang diukur dalam
hypothesis by determining the sebuah Sampel. Dalam metode ini, kita
likelihood that a sample statistic could menguji beberapa hipotesis dengan
have been selected, if the hypothesis menentukan kemungkinan bahwa
regarding the population parameter statistik sampel bisa dipilih, jika hipotesis
were true. tentang parameter populasi benar.

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FOUR STEPS TO HYPOTHESIS TESTING
FOUR STEPS TO HYPOTHESIS PENGUJIAN HIPOTESIS
TESTING Tujuan pengujian hipotesis adalah untuk
The goal of hypothesis testing is to menentukan kemungkinan parameter
populasi, seperti rata-rata, kemungkinan
determine the likelihood that a
benar. Di bagian ini, kami menjelaskan
population parameter, such as the
keempatnya.
mean, is likely to be true. In this
Langkah 1: Nyatakan hipotesis.
section, we describe the four.
Langkah 2: Tetapkan kriteria untuk suatu
Step 1: State the hypotheses. keputusan.
Step 2: Set the criteria for a decision. Langkah 3: Hitung statistik uji.
Step 3: Compute the test statistic. Langkah 4: Buat keputusan.
Step 4: Make a decision. 3
FOUR STEPS TO HYPOTHESIS TESTING

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HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS
TESTING
TESTING AND
AND
SAMPLING
SAMPLING
DISTRIBUTIONS
DISTRIBUTIONS
To locate the probability of
obtaining a sample mean in a
sampling distribution, we must
know (1) the population mean
and (2) the standard error of the
mean (SEM). Each value is
entered in the test statistic
formula computed in Step 3,
there by allowing us to make a
decision in Step 4. To review,
Table 8.1 displays the notations
used to describe populations,
samples, and sampling
distributions. Table 8.2
summarizes the characteristics 6
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MAKING
MAKING A
A DECISION:
DECISION:
TYPES
TYPES OF
OF ERROR
ERROR
there are four decision alternatives regarding the
truth and falsity of the decision we make about a
null hypothesis:
▪ 1. The decision to retain the null hypothesis could
be correct.
▪ 2. The decision to retain the null hypothesis could
be incorrect.
▪ 3. The decision to reject the null hypothesis could
be correct.
▪ 4. The decision to reject the null hypothesis could
be incorrect.
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TESTING A
RESEARCH
HYPOTHESIS:
EXAMPLES USING
THE Z TEST
▪ The one–independent sample ▪ Sampel z uji satu-independen
z test is a statistical procedure adalah prosedur statistik yang
used to test hypotheses digunakan untuk menguji
concerning the mean in a hipotesis tentang rata-rata
single population with a known dalam satu populasi dengan
variance. varian yang diketahui.

▪ The z test is used to test ▪ Tes z digunakan untuk menguji

hypotheses about a population hipotesis tentang a populasi
mean when the population berarti ketika varians populasi
variance is known diketahui 12
NONDIRECTIONAL, TWO-TAILED HYPOTHESIS
TESTS (H1: ≠)
Nondirectional tests, or two- Tes nondireksional, atau tes dua
tailed tests, are hypothesis tests sisi, adalah tes hipotesis di
where the alternative hypothesis mana hipotesis alternatif
is stated as not equal to (≠). The dinyatakan tidak sama dengan
researcher is interested in any (≠). Peneliti tertarik dalam
alternative from the null alternatif apa pun dari hipotesis
hypothesis. nol.

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▪ EXAMPLE
Templer and Tomeo (2002) reported that the population mean score on
the quantitative portion of the Graduate Record Examination (GRE)
General Test for students taking the exam between 1994 and 1997 was
558 ± 139 (m ± s). Suppose we select a sample of 100 participants (n =
100). We record a sample mean equal to 585 (M = 585). Compute the
one–independent sample z test for whether or not we will retain the null
hypothesis (m = 558) at a .05 level of significance (a = .05).

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ANSWER
▪ STEP 1 : State the hypotheses
H0 : m = 558 Mean test scores are
equal to 558 in the population.
H1 : m ≠ 558 Mean test scores are
not equal to 558 in the population
▪ STEP 2 : Set the criteria for a
decision
Splitting α in half: α /2 = 0,05/ 2 = 0,
025 in each tail

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CONTINUE...

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CONTINUE....

▪ STEP 3 : Compute the test statistic

The z statistic is an inferential statistic used to determine the

number of standard deviations in a standard normal distribution
that a sample mean deviates from the population mean stated
in the null hypothesis.
The obtained value is the value of a test statistic. This value
is compared to the critical value(s) of a hypothesis test to make
a decision. When the obtained value exceeds a critical value,
we decide to reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, we retain the
null hypothesis.

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▪ STEP 4 : MAKE A DECISION

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DIRECTIONAL, UPPER-TAIL CRITICAL HYPOTHESIS TESTS
(H1: >)

▪ Directional tests, or one- ▪ Tes terarah, atau uji satu

tailed tests, are hypothesis arah, adalah tes hipotesis di
tests where the alternative mana hipotesis alternatif
hypothesis is stated as dinyatakan lebih besar dari
greater than (>) or less than (>) atau kurang dari (<) nilai
(<) a value stated in the null yang dinyatakan dalam
hypothesis. Hence, the hipotesis nol. Oleh karena
researcher is interested in a itu, peneliti tertarik pada
specific alternative from the alternatif spesifik dari
null hypothesis. hipotesis nol.

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DIRECTIONAL, UPPER-TAIL CRITICAL HYPOTHESIS TESTS
(H1: >)

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DIRECTIONAL, LOWER-TAIL CRITICAL HYPOTHESIS
TESTS (H1: <)

▪ we will use the z test for a directional, ▪ Tes ini sesuai ketika tidak mungkin
or one-tailed test, where the atau sangat tidak mungkin bahwa
rata-rata sampel akan jatuh di atas
alternative hypothesis is stated as
rata-rata populasi yang dinyatakan
less than (<) the null hypothesis. For dalam hipotesis nol.
a lower-tail critical test, or a less than
statement, we place the level of
significance or critical value in the
lower tail of the sampling distribution.
So we are interested in any
alternative less than the value stated
in the null hypothesis. This test is
appropriate when it is not possible or
highly unlikely that a sample mean
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will fall above the population mean
DIRECTIONAL, LOWER-TAIL CRITICAL HYPOTHESIS
TESTS (H1: <)

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 RESEARCH IN FOCUS: DIRECTIONAL
VERSUS NONDIRECTIONAL TESTS
▪ Kruger and Savitsky (2006) conducted a study in
which they performed two tests on the same
data. They completed an upper-tail critical test at
a = 0,05 and a two-tailed test at a = 0,10. A
shown in Figure 8.10, these are similar tests,
except in the upper-tail test, all the alpha level is
placed in the upper tail, and in the two-tailed test,
the alpha level is split so that .05 is placed in
each tail. When the researchers showed these
results to a group of participants, they found that
participants were more persuaded by a significant
result when it was described as a one-tailed test,
p < .05, than when it was described as a two-
tailed test, p < .10. This was interesting because
the two results were identical— both tests were 23
associated with the same critical value in the
MEASURIN
G THE
SIZE OF
AN
EFFECT:
COHEN’S d
Cohen’s d measures the number of standard
deviations an effect shifted above or below the
population mean stated by the null hypothesis.
The formula for Cohen’s d replaces the standard
error in the denominator of the test statistic with
the population standard deviation (Cohen, 1988):

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Cohen’s d is a measure of effect size in terms of the number of
standard deviations that mean scores shifted above or below the
population mean stated by the null hypothesis. The larger the
value of d, the larger the effect in the population.
Cohen’s effect size conventions are standard rules for
identifying small, medium, and large effects based on typical
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findings in behavioral research.
 Perbedaan Karakteristik Untuk

“
Pengujian Signifikansi Dan
Ukuran Efek

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“
▪THANKYOU
▪ THANKYOU

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