HTo OP

Hypothesi
s Testing
Null and Alternative Hypotheses; Hypothesis Test
• Null hypothesis: A hypothesis to be tested. We

use the symbol Ho to represent the null
hypothesis.
• Alternative hypothesis: A hypothesis to be
considered as an alternative to the null
hypothesis. We use the symbol Ha to represent
the alternative hypothesis.
• Hypothesis test: The problem in a hypothesis
test is to decide whether the null hypothesis
Hypothesis testing helps make decisions on the
basis of their sample's suitability as a proof of the
claim touching the whole population. They are the
determining factors that makes us relate science,
business and medicine as sticklers because of
their reliability. Through their function of marking
errors implicit, in fact, they will support decision
making by ascertaining whether a new drug is
effective or a marketing strategy is suitable.
Type I and Type II Errors
• Type I error: Rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in fact
true.
• Type II error: Not rejecting the null hypothesis when it is in
fact false.
Significance Level
• The probability of making a Type I error, that is, of rejecting a
true null hypothesis, is called the significance level, α, of a
hypothesis test.
Relation between Type I and Type II Error Probabilities

• For a fixed sample size, the smaller we specify the
significance level, α, the larger will be the probability, ẞ, of
not rejecting a false null hypothesis.
Possible Conclusions for a Hypothesis Test
Suppose that a hypothesis test is conducted at a

small significance level.
• If the null hypothesis is rejected, we conclude
that the data provide sufficient evidence to
support the alternative hypothesis.
• If the null hypothesis is not rejected, we
conclude that the data do not provide sufficient
evidence to support the alternative hypothesis.
Critical-Value Approach to Hypothesis
Approaching
Rejection region, nonrejection region, and critical value for the golf-driving-
distances hypothesis test
• Rejection region: The set of values for the test statistic that leads to
rejection of the null hypothesis.
• Nonrejection region: The set of values for the test statistic that leads to
nonrejection of the null hypothesis.
• Critical value(s): The value or values of the test statistic that separate
the rejection and nonrejection regions. A critical value is considered part
of the rejection region.
Graphical display of rejection regions for two-tailed, left-tailed, and right-tailed tests.
Obtaining Critical Values

• Suppose that a hypothesis test is to be performed at the significance level α. Then
the critical value(s) must be chosen so that, if the null hypothesis is true, the
probability is α that the test statistic will fall in the rejection region.
Critical value(s) for a one-mean z-test at the significance level α if the test is (a) two
tailed, (b) left tailed, or (c) right tailed
P-Value Approach to Hypothesis Approaching
• The P-value of a hypothesis test is the probability of getting sample data
at least as inconsistent with the null hypothesis (and supportive of the
alternative hypothesis) as the sample data actually obtained. We use the
letter P to denote the P-value.
Decision Criterion for a Hypothesis Test Using the P-Value

• If the P-value is less than or equal to the specified significance level,
reject the null hypothesis; otherwise, do not reject the null hypothesis. In
other words, if P ≤ α, reject Ho; otherwise, do not reject Ho.
P-Value as the Observed Significance Level

• The P-value of a hypothesis test equals the smallest significance level at
which the null hypothesis can be rejected, that is, the smallest
significance level for which the observed sample data results in rejection
of Ho.
Determining a P-Value
• To determine the P-value of a hypothesis test, we assume that
the null hypothesis is true and compute the probability of
observing a value of the test statistic as extreme as or more
extreme than that observed. By extreme we mean "far from
what we would expect to observe if the null hypothesis is
true."
P-value for a one-mean z-test if the test is (a) two-tailed, (b) left-
tailed, or (c) right-tailed.
Steps for performing Hypothesis Test for single population
STEP 1: Determine null, alternative mean
hypothesis. State your hypothesis about
the population mean.
STEP 2: Summarize the data. State a significance level.
STEP 3: Calculate test statistic (T-statistics)
• Estimated Standard error:
• Test Statistics = Sample statistics - null value

null standard error
STEP 4: Check the type of test (right, left, or two- tailed).

• Determine the corresponding P-value.
STEP 5: Make a decision about Ho and Ha
• Do you reject or not reject your null hypothesis?
Guidelines for using the P-value to assess the evidence
against the null hypotesis
Hypothesis Test for One Population Mean when σ is
Known
Hypothesis Test for One Population Mean when σ is
Unknown
Example 1
Example 2
Example 2
Tha
yo
nk
Group Members:
Alona Ricafort
Errol Mararagan
Franches Balares
Francis Ceaver Lagare
Raven Nailon
Wayne Alonzo

HTo OP

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

HTo OP

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

HTo OP

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Hypothesi

• Null hypothesis: A hypothesis to be tested. We

Relation between Type I and Type II Error Probabilities

Suppose that a hypothesis test is conducted at a

Obtaining Critical Values

Decision Criterion for a Hypothesis Test Using the P-Value

P-Value as the Observed Significance Level

• Test Statistics = Sample statistics - null value

STEP 4: Check the type of test (right, left, or two- tailed).

You might also like